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The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 165: 6107-6115.
Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists

Microbial Lipopeptides Induce the Production of IL-17 in Th Cells1

Carmen Infante-Duarte*, Heidi F. Horton{dagger}, Michael C. Byrne{dagger} and Thomas Kamradt2,*,{ddagger}

* Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany; {dagger} Genetics Institute, Cambridge, MA 02140; and {ddagger} Medizinische Klinik m.S. Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Berlin, Germany

Naive Th cells can be directed in vitro to develop into Th1 or Th2 cells by IL-12 or IL-4, respectively. In vivo, chronic immune reactions lead to polarized Th cytokine patterns. We found earlier that Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochaete that causes Lyme disease, induces Th1 development in {alpha}{beta} TCR-transgenic Th cells. Here, we used TCR-transgenic Th cells and oligonucleotide arrays to analyze the differences between Th1 cells induced by IL-12 vs those induced by B. burgdorferi. Transgenic Th cells primed with peptide in the presence of B. burgdorferi expressed several mRNAs, including the mRNA encoding IL-17, at significantly higher levels than Th cells primed with peptide and IL-12. Cytometric single-cell analysis of Th cell cytokine production revealed that IL-17 cannot be categorized as either Th1 or Th2 cytokine. Instead, almost all IL-17-producing Th cells simultaneously produced TNF-{alpha} and most IL-17+ Th cells also produced GM-CSF. This pattern was also observed in humans. Th cells from synovial fluid of patients with Lyme arthritis coexpressed IL-17 and TNF-{alpha} upon polyclonal stimulation. The induction of IL-17 production in Th cells is not restricted to B. burgdorferi. Priming of TCR-transgenic Th cells in the presence of mycobacterial lysates also induced IL-17/TNF-{alpha} coproduction. The physiological stimulus for IL-17 production was hitherto unknown. We show here for the first time that microbial stimuli induce the expression of IL-17 together with TNF-{alpha} in both murine and human T cells. Chronic IL-17 expression induced by microbes could be an important mediator of infection-induced immunopathology.




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