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Neither B Lymphocytes Nor Antibodies Directed Against Self Antigens of the Islets of Langerhans Are Required for Development of Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes^{1 ,2}

Andreas Holz^3,*, Thomas Dyrberg, William Hagopian, Dirk Homann^*, Matthias von Herrath^* and Michael B. A. Oldstone^*

^* Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark; and Pacific Northwest Research Institute, University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195

We evaluated the role of the humoral arm of the immune response in causing or contributing to virus-induced diabetes. Transgenic mice expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) or glycoprotein (GP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) under control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP) in pancreatic cells (RIP-LCMV) and RIP-LCMV mice with genetic dysfunction of B cells (RIP-LCMV x µMT/µMT) were compared for development of diabetes after challenge with LCMV. After inoculation with LCMV, B and T lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrated into pancreatic islets in RIP-LCMV mice, and over 50% of these mice generated Abs against host insulin or glutamate decarboxylase. However, neither B cells nor the autoantibodies played a direct role in the initiation, kinetics, or severity of the virus-induced diabetes as judged by comparing disease in RIP-LCMV mice to littermates whose functional B cells were genetically eliminated. Furthermore, the quality and quantity of T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration was similar in the B cell-deficient and non-B cell-deficient RIP-LCMV mice. Although the development of autoantibodies to islet Ags had no direct influence on the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, it served as a prediabetes marker, as such autoantibodies were often elevated before the onset of disease. Hence, the RIP-LCMV model is not only useful for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of how islets are destroyed and spared but also for evaluating therapeutic strategies before onset of clinical diabetes.

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