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Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
cAMP is an important second messenger with immunomodulatory
properties. Elevation of intracellular cAMP in T cells, induced by
agents such as IL-1
or PGs, inhibits T cell activation. In effector
T cells, an increase in the level of intracellular cAMP inhibits
cytokine production in Th1 cells but stimulates cytokine production in
Th2 cells. Here we report that cAMP-induced effects in Th2 cells occur
independently of the protein kinase A pathway, which is the major
mediator of cAMP-induced signaling events in most cell types. Instead,
cAMP stimulates activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in
Th2 cells. This appears to be a Th2-selective event because cAMP barely
increased p38 phosphorylation in Th1 cells. We show that in Th2 cells,
cAMP promotes the production of both IL-5 and IL-13, which play
distinct but critical roles in asthma pathogenesis. Our data also show
that cAMP causes increased phosphorylation of the transcription factor
GATA-3, which we have shown is a critical regulator of Th2 cytokine
gene expression and, in turn, of airway inflammation in mice. Thus,
Th2-specific GATA-3 expression and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
activation together provide a molecular basis for the differential
effects of cAMP in the two T helper cell
subsets.
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