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CUTTING EDGE |
*
Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Osaka, Japan
Toll-like receptor (TLR) family acts as pattern recognition receptors for pathogen-specific molecular patterns. We previously showed that TLR2 recognizes Gram-positive bacterial components whereas TLR4 recognizes LPS, a component of Gram-negative bacteria. MyD88 is shown to be an adaptor molecule essential for TLR family signaling. To investigate the role of TLR family in host defense against Gram-positive bacteria, we infected TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice with Staphylococcus aureus. Both TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice were highly susceptible to S. aureus infection, with more enhanced susceptibility in MyD88-deficient mice. Peritoneal macrophages from MyD88-deficient mice did not produce any detectable levels of cytokines in response to S. aureus. In contrast, TLR2-deficient macrophages produced reduced, but significant, levels of the cytokines, and TLR4-deficient macrophages produced the same amounts as wild-type cells, indicating that S. aureus is recognized not only by TLR2, but also by other TLR family members except for TLR4.
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Y. Sun, A. G. Hise, C. M. Kalsow, and E. Pearlman Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Corneal Inflammation Is Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Infect. Immun., September 1, 2006; 74(9): 5325 - 5332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Mikami, J. H. Lim, H. Ishinaga, U.-H. Ha, H. Gu, T. Koga, H. Jono, H. Kai, and J.-D. Li The Transforming Growth Factor-beta-Smad3/4 Signaling Pathway Acts as a Positive Regulator for TLR2 Induction by Bacteria via a Dual Mechanism Involving Functional Cooperation with NF-{kappa}B and MAPK Phosphatase 1-dependent Negative Cross-talk with p38 MAPK J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2006; 281(31): 22397 - 22408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Archer and C. R. Roy MyD88-Dependent Responses Involving Toll-Like Receptor 2 Are Important for Protection and Clearance of Legionella pneumophila in a Mouse Model of Legionnaires' Disease. Infect. Immun., June 1, 2006; 74(6): 3325 - 3333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Katz, P. Zhang, M. Martin, S. N. Vogel, and S. M. Michalek Toll-Like Receptor 2 Is Required for Inflammatory Responses to Francisella tularensis LVS. Infect. Immun., May 1, 2006; 74(5): 2809 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Szomolanyi-Tsuda, X. Liang, R. M. Welsh, E. A. Kurt-Jones, and R. W. Finberg Role for TLR2 in NK Cell-Mediated Control of Murine Cytomegalovirus In Vivo J. Virol., May 1, 2006; 80(9): 4286 - 4291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. van der Sar, O. W. Stockhammer, C. van der Laan, H. P. Spaink, W. Bitter, and A. H. Meijer MyD88 Innate Immune Function in a Zebrafish Embryo Infection Model Infect. Immun., April 1, 2006; 74(4): 2436 - 2441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fan, Y. Li, Y. Vodovotz, T. R. Billiar, and M. A. Wilson Hemorrhagic shock-activated neutrophils augment TLR4 signaling-induced TLR2 upregulation in alveolar macrophages: role in hemorrhage-primed lung inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): L738 - L746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y.-T.A. Teng Protective and Destructive Immunity in the Periodontium: Part 1--Innate and Humoral Immunity and the Periodontium. J. Dent. Res., March 1, 2006; 85(3): 198 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Knapp, C. W. Wieland, S. Florquin, R. Pantophlet, L. Dijkshoorn, N. Tshimbalanga, S. Akira, and T. van der Poll Differential Roles of CD14 and Toll-like Receptors 4and 2 in Murine Acinetobacter Pneumonia Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 1, 2006; 173(1): 122 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yoshida, H. Jono, H. Kai, and J.-D. Li The Tumor Suppressor Cylindromatosis (CYLD) Acts as a Negative Regulator for Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling via Negative Cross-talk with TRAF6 and TRAF7 J. Biol. Chem., December 9, 2005; 280(49): 41111 - 41121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Su, P. B. Silver, R. S. Grajewski, R. K. Agarwal, J. Tang, C.-C. Chan, and R. R. Caspi Essential Role of the MyD88 Pathway, but Nonessential Roles of TLRs 2, 4, and 9, in the Adjuvant Effect Promoting Th1-Mediated Autoimmunity J. Immunol., November 15, 2005; 175(10): 6303 - 6310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kielian, A. Haney, P. M. Mayes, S. Garg, and N. Esen Toll-Like Receptor 2 Modulates the Proinflammatory Milieu in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Brain Abscess Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7428 - 7435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Hadley, J. E. Wang, S. J. Foster, C. Thiemermann, and C. J. Hinds Peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus Upregulates Monocyte Expression of CD14, Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 in Human Blood: Possible Implications for Priming of Lipopolysaccharide Signaling Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7613 - 7619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Mikami, H. Gu, H. Jono, A. Andalibi, H. Kai, and J.-D. Li Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Acts as a Negative Regulator for Bacterium Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Toll-like Receptor 2 Expression via an Src-dependent p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway J. Biol. Chem., October 28, 2005; 280(43): 36185 - 36194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Fuse, G. Chan, Y. Liu, P. Gudgeon, M. Husain, M. Chen, W.-C. Yeh, S. Akira, and P. P. Liu Myeloid Differentiation Factor-88 Plays a Crucial Role in the Pathogenesis of Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis and Influences Type I Interferon Production Circulation, October 11, 2005; 112(15): 2276 - 2285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. G. Netea, J. W. M. Van der Meer, R. P. Sutmuller, G. J. Adema, and B.-J. Kullberg From the Th1/Th2 Paradigm towards a Toll-Like Receptor/T-Helper Bias Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2005; 49(10): 3991 - 3996. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Srivastava, P. Henneke, A. Visintin, S. C. Morse, V. Martin, C. Watkins, J. C. Paton, M. R. Wessels, D. T. Golenbock, and R. Malley The Apoptotic Response to Pneumolysin Is Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dependent and Protects against Pneumococcal Disease Infect. Immun., October 1, 2005; 73(10): 6479 - 6487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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