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The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 164: 2320-2325.
Copyright © 2000 by The American Association of Immunologists

4-1BB Costimulation Is Required for Protective Anti-Viral Immunity After Peptide Vaccination1

Joyce T. Tan*, Jason K. Whitmire{dagger}, Kaja Murali-Krishna{dagger}, Rafi Ahmed{dagger}, John D. Altman{dagger}, Robert S. Mittler*,{dagger}, Alessandro Sette{ddagger}, Thomas C. Pearson2,* and Christian P. Larsen2,*

* The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Biology Research Center and Department of Surgery, and {dagger} Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and {ddagger} Epimmune, San Diego, CA 92121

Peptide vaccination induces T cell activation and cytotoxic T cell development. In an effort to understand what factors can improve immune responses to peptide vaccination, the role of 4-1BB (CD137) costimulation was examined, since 4-1BB has been shown to promote T cell responses in other systems. 4-1BBL-deficient (-/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice were immunized with a lipidated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) peptide NP396–404. Analysis of peptide-specific responses early after immunization by CTL assay, intracellular IFN-{gamma} staining, and IFN-{gamma} enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) indicated that CD8 T cell responses were reduced 3- to 10-fold in the absence of 4-1BB costimulation. Moreover, when agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab was given, CD8 T cell responses in 4-1BBL-/- mice were augmented to levels similar to those in 4-1BBL+/+ mice. Two months after immunization, 4-1BBL+/+ mice still had epitope-specific cells and were protected against viral challenge, demonstrating that peptide vaccination can induce long-term protection. In fact, 70% of CD8 T cells were specific for the immunizing peptide after viral challenge, demonstrating that strong, epitope-specific CD8 T cell responses are generated after peptide vaccination. In contrast, peptide-immunized 4-1BBL-/- mice had fewer epitope-specific cells and were impaired in their ability to resolve the infection. These results show that immunization with a single LCMV peptide provides long term protection against LCMV infection and point to costimulatory molecules such as 4-1BB as important components for generating protective immunity after vaccination.




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