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The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Biology Research Center and Department of Surgery, and
Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
Epimmune, San Diego, CA 92121
Peptide vaccination induces T cell activation and cytotoxic T cell
development. In an effort to understand what factors can improve immune
responses to peptide vaccination, the role of 4-1BB (CD137)
costimulation was examined, since 4-1BB has been shown to promote T
cell responses in other systems. 4-1BBL-deficient (-/-) and wild-type
(+/+) mice were immunized with a lipidated lymphocytic choriomeningitis
virus (LCMV) peptide NP396404. Analysis of
peptide-specific responses early after immunization by CTL assay,
intracellular IFN-
staining, and IFN-
enzyme-linked immunospot
assay (ELISPOT) indicated that CD8 T cell responses were reduced 3- to
10-fold in the absence of 4-1BB costimulation. Moreover, when agonistic
anti-4-1BB Ab was given, CD8 T cell responses in
4-1BBL-/- mice were augmented to levels similar to those
in 4-1BBL+/+ mice. Two months after immunization,
4-1BBL+/+ mice still had epitope-specific cells and were
protected against viral challenge, demonstrating that peptide
vaccination can induce long-term protection. In fact, 70% of CD8 T
cells were specific for the immunizing peptide after viral challenge,
demonstrating that strong, epitope-specific CD8 T cell responses are
generated after peptide vaccination. In contrast, peptide-immunized
4-1BBL-/- mice had fewer epitope-specific cells and were
impaired in their ability to resolve the infection. These results show
that immunization with a single LCMV peptide provides long term
protection against LCMV infection and point to costimulatory molecules
such as 4-1BB as important components for generating protective
immunity after vaccination.
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