| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
and Immunoregulation: PPAR Mediates Inhibition of Helper T Cell Responses1
*
Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Medical School, Farmington, CT 06032
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a
family of transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor
superfamily. Until recently, the genes regulated by PPARs were those
believed to be predominantly associated with lipid metabolism.
Recently, an immunomodulatory role for PPAR
has been described in
cells critical to the innate immune system, the monocyte/macrophage. In
addition, evidence for an antiinflammatory role of the PPAR ligand,
15-deoxy-
12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2)
has been found. In the present studies, we demonstrate, for the first
time, that murine helper T cell clones and freshly isolated splenocytes
express PPAR 1. The PPAR expressed is of functional significance
in that two ligands for PPAR, 15d-PGJ2 and a
thiazolidinedione, ciglitazone, mediate significant inhibition of
proliferative responses of both the T cell clones and the freshly
isolated splenocytes. This inhibition is mediated directly at the level
of the T cell and not at the level of the macrophage/APC. Finally, we
demonstrate that the two ligands for PPAR mediate inhibition of IL-2
secretion by the T cell clones while not inhibiting IL-2-induced
proliferation of such clones. The demonstration of the expression and
function of PPAR in T cells reveals a new level of immunoregulatory
control for PPARs and significantly increases the role and importance
of PPAR in immunoregulation.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Jaudszus, M. Krokowski, P. Mockel, Y. Darcan, A. Avagyan, P. Matricardi, G. Jahreis, and E. Hamelmann Cis-9,trans-11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Allergic Sensitization and Airway Inflammation via a PPAR{gamma}-Related Mechanism in Mice J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1336 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Collino, N. S.A. Patel, and C. Thiemermann Review: PPARs as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 179 - 197. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Walcher, K. Hess, P. Heinz, K. Petscher, D. Vasic, U. Kintscher, M. Clemenz, M. Hartge, K. Raps, V. Hombach, et al. Telmisartan Inhibits CD4-Positive Lymphocyte Migration Independent of the Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 259 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Behshad, K. D. Cooper, and N. J. Korman A Retrospective Case Series Review of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligand Rosiglitazone in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Arch Dermatol, January 1, 2008; 144(1): 84 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Fionda, F. Nappi, M. Piccoli, L. Frati, A. Santoni, and M. Cippitelli Inhibition of Trail Gene Expression by Cyclopentenonic Prostaglandin 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-Prostaglandin J2 in T Lymphocytes Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2007; 72(5): 1246 - 1257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Wohlfert, F. C. Nichols, E. Nevius, and R. B. Clark Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} (PPAR{gamma}) and Immunoregulation: Enhancement of Regulatory T Cells through PPAR{gamma}-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms J. Immunol., April 1, 2007; 178(7): 4129 - 4135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Hontecillas and J. Bassaganya-Riera Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Is Required for Regulatory CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Protection against Colitis J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 2940 - 2949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Klotz, I. Dani, F. Edenhofer, L. Nolden, B. Evert, B. Paul, W. Kolanus, T. Klockgether, P. Knolle, and L. Diehl Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Control of Dendritic Cell Function Contributes to Development of CD4+ T Cell Anergy J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2122 - 2131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Sandig, J. E. Pease, and I. Sabroe Contrary prostaglandins: the opposing roles of PGD2 and its metabolites in leukocyte function J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2007; 81(2): 372 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Kang, Y.-G. Cinn, S. J. Hwang, S. Won Chae, J.-S. Woo, S. H. Lee, and H.-M. Lee Up-regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} in Perennial Allergic Rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, November 1, 2006; 132(11): 1196 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Jo, C. Yang, Q. Miao, M. Marzec, M. A. Wasik, P. Lu, and Y. L. Wang Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Promotes Lymphocyte Survival through Its Actions on Cellular Metabolic Activities J. Immunol., September 15, 2006; 177(6): 3737 - 3745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Simon, M. C. Arikan, S. Srisuma, S. Bhattacharya, L. W. Tsai, E. P. Ingenito, F. Gonzalez, S. D. Shapiro, and T. J. Mariani Epithelial cell PPAR{gamma} contributes to normal lung maturation FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1507 - 1509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Rockwell, N. T. Snider, J. T. Thompson, J. P. Vanden Heuvel, and N. E. Kaminski Interleukin-2 Suppression by 2-Arachidonyl Glycerol Is Mediated through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Independently of Cannabinoid Receptors 1 and 2 Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2006; 70(1): 101 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kosuge, G. Haraguchi, N. Koga, Y. Maejima, J.-i. Suzuki, and M. Isobe Pioglitazone Prevents Acute and Chronic Cardiac Allograft Rejection Circulation, June 6, 2006; 113(22): 2613 - 2622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Trivedi, J. Newson, R. Rajakariar, T. S. Jacques, R. Hannon, Y. Kanaoka, N. Eguchi, P. Colville-Nash, and D. W. Gilroy Essential role for hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase in the control of delayed type hypersensitivity PNAS, March 28, 2006; 103(13): 5179 - 5184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. August, C. Mueller, V. Weaver, T. A. Polanco, E. R. Walsh, and M. T. Cantorna Nutrients, Nuclear Receptors, Inflammation, Immunity Lipids, PPAR, and Allergic Asthma J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 695 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Klotz, M. Schmidt, T. Giese, M. Sastre, P. Knolle, T. Klockgether, and M. T. Heneka Proinflammatory Stimulation and Pioglitazone Treatment Regulate Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Levels in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Healthy Controls and Multiple Sclerosis Patients J. Immunol., October 15, 2005; 175(8): 4948 - 4955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z Yuan, Y Liu, Y Liu, J Zhang, C Kishimoto, Y Wang, A Ma, and Z Liu Cardioprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor {gamma} activators on acute myocarditis: anti-inflammatory actions associated with nuclear factor {kappa}B blockade Heart, September 1, 2005; 91(9): 1203 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. A. Rodie, A. Young, F. Jordan, N. Sattar, I. A. Greer, and D. J. Freeman Human Placental Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {delta} and {gamma} Expression in Healthy Pregnancy and in Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction Reproductive Sciences, July 1, 2005; 12(5): 320 - 329. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Rousseaux, B. Lefebvre, L. Dubuquoy, P. Lefebvre, O. Romano, J. Auwerx, D. Metzger, W. Wahli, B. Desvergne, G. C. Naccari, et al. Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} J. Exp. Med., April 18, 2005; 201(8): 1205 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. F. M. Wouters Local and Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 26 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Abdelrahman, A. Sivarajah, and C. Thiemermann Beneficial effects of PPAR-{gamma} ligands in ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammation and shock Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2005; 65(4): 772 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Crosby, J. L. Svenson, J. Zhang, C. J. Nicol, F. J. Gonzalez, and G. S. Gilkeson Peroxisome Proliferation-Activated Receptor (PPAR){gamma} Is Not Necessary for Synthetic PPAR{gamma} Agonist Inhibition of Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase and Nitric Oxide J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2005; 312(1): 69 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Schlezinger, G. J. Howard, C. H. Hurst, J. K. Emberley, D. J. Waxman, T. Webster, and D. H. Sherr Environmental and Endogenous Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Agonists Induce Bone Marrow B Cell Growth Arrest and Apoptosis: Interactions between Mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 9-cis-Retinoic Acid, and 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2 J. Immunol., September 1, 2004; 173(5): 3165 - 3177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Nicol, M. Yoon, J. M. Ward, M. Yamashita, K. Fukamachi, J. M. Peters, and F. J. Gonzalez PPAR{gamma} influences susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary, ovarian and skin carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2004; 25(9): 1747 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Walcher, M. Aleksic, V. Jerg, V. Hombach, A. Zieske, S. Homma, J. Strong, and N. Marx C-Peptide Induces Chemotaxis of Human CD4-Positive Cells: Involvement of Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G-Proteins and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1664 - 1670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Cunard, Y. Eto, J. T. Muljadi, C. K. Glass, C. J. Kelly, and M. Ricote Repression of IFN-{gamma} Expression by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7530 - 7536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Alvarez-Maqueda, R. E. Bekay, G. Alba, J. Monteseirin, P. Chacon, A. Vega, J. Martin-Nieto, F. J. Bedoya, E. Pintado, and F. Sobrino 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2 Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Expression in a Reactive Oxygen Species-dependent Manner in Human Lymphocytes J. Biol. Chem., May 21, 2004; 279(21): 21929 - 21937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Marx, H. Duez, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Atherogenesis: Regulators of Gene Expression in Vascular Cells Circ. Res., May 14, 2004; 94(9): 1168 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. van Heeckeren, M. Schluchter, L. Xue, J. Alvarez, S. Freedman, J. St. George, and P. B. Davis Nutritional Effects on Host Response to Lung Infections with Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mice Infect. Immun., March 1, 2004; 72(3): 1479 - 1486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Schmidt, E. Moric, M. Schmidt, M. Sastre, D. L. Feinstein, and M. T. Heneka Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative actions of PPAR-{gamma} agonists on T lymphocytes derived from MS patients J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 478 - 485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hammad, H. J. de Heer, T. Soullie, V. Angeli, F. Trottein, H. C. Hoogsteden, and B. N. Lambrecht Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} in Dendritic Cells Inhibits the Development of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2004; 164(1): 263 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nencioni, K. Lauber, F. Grunebach, L. Van Parijs, C. Denzlinger, S. Wesselborg, and P. Brossart Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins Induce Lymphocyte Apoptosis by Activating the Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway Independent of External Death Receptor Signaling J. Immunol., November 15, 2003; 171(10): 5148 - 5156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Bassaganya-Riera, R. M. Pogranichniy, S. C. Jobgen, P. G. Halbur, K.-J. Yoon, M. O'Shea, I. Mohede, and R. Hontecillas Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Viral Infectivity in a Pig Model of Virally Induced Immunosuppression J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3204 - 3214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Yuan, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, C. Kishimoto, Y. Wang, A. Ma, and Z. Liu Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-{gamma} ligands ameliorate experimental autoimmune myocarditis Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 685 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Woerly, K. Honda, M. Loyens, J.-P. Papin, J. Auwerx, B. Staels, M. Capron, and D. Dombrowicz Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors {alpha} and {gamma} Down-regulate Allergic Inflammation and Eosinophil Activation J. Exp. Med., August 4, 2003; 198(3): 411 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zeyda, A. B. Szekeres, M. D. Saemann, R. Geyeregger, H. Stockinger, G. J. Zlabinger, W. Waldhausl, and T. M. Stulnig Suppression of T Cell Signaling by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Selectivity in Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor Activation J. Immunol., June 15, 2003; 170(12): 6033 - 6039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Angeli, H. Hammad, B. Staels, M. Capron, B. N. Lambrecht, and F. Trottein Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Inhibits the Migration of Dendritic Cells: Consequences for the Immune Response J. Immunol., May 15, 2003; 170(10): 5295 - 5301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tautenhahn, B. Brune, and A. von Knethen Activation-induced PPAR{gamma} expression sensitizes primary human T cells toward apoptosis J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2003; 73(5): 665 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Liu, H. Li, S. H. Burstein, R. B. Zurier, and J. D. Chen Activation and Binding of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma by Synthetic Cannabinoid Ajulemic Acid Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2003; 63(5): 983 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Cunard, D. DiCampli, D. C. Archer, J. L. Stevenson, M. Ricote, C. K. Glass, and C. J. Kelly WY14,643, a PPAR{alpha} Ligand, Has Profound Effects on Immune Responses In Vivo J. Immunol., December 15, 2002; 169(12): 6806 - 6812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Schlezinger, B. A. Jensen, K. K. Mann, H.-Y. Ryu, and D. H. Sherr Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma}-Mediated NF-{kappa}B Activation and Apoptosis in Pre-B Cells J. Immunol., December 15, 2002; 169(12): 6831 - 6841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Yu, S. Javorschi, A. L. Hevener, Y. T. Kruszynska, R. A. Norman, M. Sinha, and J. M. Olefsky The Effect of Thiazolidinediones on Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Normal, Obese, and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Diabetes, October 1, 2002; 51(10): 2968 - 2974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. L. Wang, K. A. Frauwirth, S. M. Rangwala, M. A. Lazar, and C. B. Thompson Thiazolidinedione Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma Can Enhance Mitochondrial Potential and Promote Cell Survival J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 31781 - 31788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bishop-Bailey, T. Hla, and T. D. Warner Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells as a Target for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Ligand Therapy Circ. Res., August 9, 2002; 91(3): 210 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zeyda, G. Staffler, V. Horejsi, W. Waldhausl, and T. M. Stulnig LAT Displacement from Lipid Rafts as a Molecular Mechanism for the Inhibition of T Cell Signaling by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 28418 - 28423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nencioni, F. Grunebach, A. Zobywlaski, C. Denzlinger, W. Brugger, and P. Brossart Dendritic Cell Immunogenicity Is Regulated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} J. Immunol., August 1, 2002; 169(3): 1228 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Hontecillas, M. J. Wannemeulher, D. R. Zimmerman, D. L. Hutto, J. H. Wilson, D. U. Ahn, and J. Bassaganya-Riera Nutritional Regulation of Porcine Bacterial-Induced Colitis by Conjugated Linoleic Acid J. Nutr., July 1, 2002; 132(7): 2019 - 2027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ward, I. Dransfield, J. Murray, S. N. Farrow, C. Haslett, and A. G. Rossi Prostaglandin D2 and Its Metabolites Induce Caspase-Dependent Granulocyte Apoptosis That Is Mediated Via Inhibition of I{kappa}B{alpha} Degradation Using a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma}-Independent Mechanism J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6232 - 6243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Cui, K. Miyoshi, E. Claudio, U. K. Siebenlist, F. J. Gonzalez, J. Flaws, K.-U. Wagner, and L. Hennighausen Loss of the Peroxisome Proliferation-activated Receptor gamma (PPARgamma ) Does Not Affect Mammary Development and Propensity for Tumor Formation but Leads to Reduced Fertility J. Biol. Chem., May 10, 2002; 277(20): 17830 - 17835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. E. Akiyama, S. Sakai, G. Lambert, C. J. Nicol, K. Matsusue, S. Pimprale, Y.-H. Lee, M. Ricote, C. K. Glass, H. B. Brewer Jr., et al. Conditional Disruption of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Gene in Mice Results in Lowered Expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE in Macrophages and Reduced Cholesterol Efflux Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2002; 22(8): 2607 - 2619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Marx, B. Kehrle, K. Kohlhammer, M. Grub, W. Koenig, V. Hombach, P. Libby, and J. Plutzky PPAR Activators as Antiinflammatory Mediators in Human T Lymphocytes: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Transplantation-Associated Arteriosclerosis Circ. Res., April 5, 2002; 90(6): 703 - 710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Monneret, H. Li, J. Vasilescu, J. Rokach, and W. S. Powell 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,1412,14-prostaglandins D2 and J2 Are Potent Activators of Human Eosinophils J. Immunol., April 1, 2002; 168(7): 3563 - 3569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Cunard, M. Ricote, D. DiCampli, D. C. Archer, D. A. Kahn, C. K. Glass, and C. J. Kelly Regulation of Cytokine Expression by Ligands of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2795 - 2802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Clark The role of PPARs in inflammation and immunity J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2002; 71(3): 388 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Diab, C. Deng, J. D. Smith, R. Z. Hussain, B. Phanavanh, A. E. Lovett-Racke, P. D. Drew, and M. K. Racke Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Agonist 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,1412,14-Prostaglandin J2 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., March 1, 2002; 168(5): 2508 - 2515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Y. Yang, L. H. Wang, K. Mihalic, W. Xiao, T. Chen, P. Li, L. M. Wahl, and W. L. Farrar Interleukin (IL)-4 Indirectly Suppresses IL-2 Production by Human T Lymphocytes via Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma Activated by Macrophage-derived 12/15-Lipoxygenase Ligands J. Biol. Chem., February 1, 2002; 277(6): 3973 - 3978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hirai, K. Tanaka, S. Takano, M. Ichimasa, M. Nakamura, and K. Nagata Cutting Edge: Agonistic Effect of Indomethacin on a Prostaglandin D2 Receptor, CRTH2 J. Immunol., February 1, 2002; 168(3): 981 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
