| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
*
Department of Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka, Japan;
Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan; and
Saga Medical College, Saga, Japan
While CD28 functions as the major T cell costimulatory receptor, a number of other T cell molecules have also been described to induce T cell costimulation. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which costimulatory molecules other than CD28 contribute to T cell activation. Non-CD28 costimulatory molecules such as CD5, CD9, CD2, and CD44 were present in the detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched (DIG) fraction/raft of the T cell surface, which is rich in TCR signaling molecules and generates a TCR signal upon recruitment of the TCR complex. Compared with CD3 ligation, coligation of CD3 and CD5 as an example of DIG-resident costimulatory molecules led to an enhanced association of CD3 and DIG. Such a DIG redistribution markedly up-regulated TCR signaling as observed by ZAP-70/LAT activation and Ca2+ influx. Disruption of DIG structure using an agent capable of altering cholesterol organization potently diminished Ca2+ mobilization induced by the coligation of CD3 and CD5. This was associated with the inhibition of the redistribution of DIG although the association of CD3 and CD5 was not affected. Thus, the DIG-resident costimulatory molecules exert their costimulatory effects by contributing to an enhanced association of TCR/CD3 and DIG.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. J. Nunes, M. A. A. Castro, C. M. Goncalves, M. Bamberger, C. F. Pereira, G. Bismuth, and A. M. Carmo Protein Interactions between CD2 and Lck Are Required for the Lipid Raft Distribution of CD2 J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 988 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Munitz, I. Bachelet, F. D. Finkelman, M. E. Rothenberg, and F. Levi-Schaffer CD48 Is Critically Involved in Allergic Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 1, 2007; 175(9): 911 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Jimenez-Perianez, G. Ojeda, G. Criado, A. Sanchez, E. Pini, J. Madrenas, J. M. Rojo, and P. Portoles Complement regulatory protein Crry/p65-mediated signaling in T lymphocytes: role of its cytoplasmic domain and partitioning into lipid rafts J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1386 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-T. Zilber, N. Setterblad, T. Vasselon, C. Doliger, D. Charron, N. Mooney, and C. Gelin MHC class II/CD38/CD9: a lipid-raft-dependent signaling complex in human monocytes Blood, November 1, 2005; 106(9): 3074 - 3081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S. Soderstrom, S. D. Nyberg, and J. E. Eriksson CD95 capping is ROCK-dependent and dispensable for apoptosis J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2005; 118(10): 2211 - 2223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pfistershammer, O. Majdic, J. Stockl, G. Zlabinger, S. Kirchberger, P. Steinberger, and W. Knapp CD63 as an Activation-Linked T Cell Costimulatory Element J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 6000 - 6008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-Y. Fan, L. H. Ly, R. Barhoumi, D. N. McMurray, and R. S. Chapkin Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Suppresses T Cell Protein Kinase C{theta} Lipid Raft Recruitment and IL-2 Production J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 6151 - 6160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Delaguillaumie, J. Harriague, S. Kohanna, G. Bismuth, E. Rubinstein, M. Seigneuret, and H. Conjeaud Tetraspanin CD82 controls the association of cholesterol-dependent microdomains with the actin cytoskeleton in T lymphocytes: relevance to co-stimulation J. Cell Sci., October 15, 2004; 117(22): 5269 - 5282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. M. Haeryfar and D. W. Hoskin Thy-1: More than a Mouse Pan-T Cell Marker J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 3581 - 3588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sadra, T. Cinek, and J. B. Imboden Translocation of CD28 to lipid rafts and costimulation of IL-2 PNAS, August 3, 2004; 101(31): 11422 - 11427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. van Spriel, K. L. Puls, M. Sofi, D. Pouniotis, H. Hochrein, Z. Orinska, K.-P. Knobeloch, M. Plebanski, and M. D. Wright A Regulatory Role for CD37 in T Cell Proliferation J. Immunol., March 1, 2004; 172(5): 2953 - 2961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kobayashi, K. Ohnuma, M. Uchiyama, K. Iino, S. Iwata, N. H. Dang, and C. Morimoto Association of CD26 with CD45RA outside lipid rafts attenuates cord blood T-cell activation Blood, February 1, 2004; 103(3): 1002 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Ishibashi, L. Ding, K. Ikenaka, Y. Inoue, K. Miyado, E. Mekada, and H. Baba Tetraspanin Protein CD9 Is a Novel Paranodal Component Regulating Paranodal Junctional Formation J. Neurosci., January 7, 2004; 24(1): 96 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Munoz, M.-d.-C. Navarro, E. J. Pavon, J. Salmeron, F. Malavasi, J. Sancho, and M. Zubiaur CD38 Signaling in T Cells Is Initiated within a Subset of Membrane Rafts Containing Lck and the CD3-{zeta} Subunit of the T Cell Antigen Receptor J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 2003; 278(50): 50791 - 50802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dhanji and H.-S. Teh IL-2-Activated CD8+CD44high Cells Express Both Adaptive and Innate Immune System Receptors and Demonstrate Specificity for Syngeneic Tumor Cells J. Immunol., October 1, 2003; 171(7): 3442 - 3450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Hare, J. Pongracz, E. J. Jenkinson, and G. Anderson Modeling TCR Signaling Complex Formation in Positive Selection J. Immunol., September 15, 2003; 171(6): 2825 - 2831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Staffler, A. Szekeres, G. J. Schutz, M. D. Saemann, E. Prager, M. Zeyda, K. Drbal, G. J. Zlabinger, T. M. Stulnig, and H. Stockinger Selective Inhibition of T Cell Activation Via CD147 Through Novel Modulation of Lipid Rafts J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 1707 - 1714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Thomas, R. Kumar, A. Preda-Pais, S. Casares, and T.-D. Brumeanu A Model for Antigen-Specific T-Cell Anergy: Displacement of CD4-p56lck Signalosome from the Lipid Rafts by a Soluble, Dimeric Peptide-MHC Class II Chimera J. Immunol., June 15, 2003; 170(12): 5981 - 5992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. A. Zhang, W. S. Lane, S. Charrin, E. Rubinstein, and L. Liu EWI2/PGRL Associates with the Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82 and Inhibits the Migration of Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., May 15, 2003; 63(10): 2665 - 2674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Gimferrer, M. Farnos, M. Calvo, M. Mittelbrunn, C. Enrich, F. Sanchez-Madrid, J. Vives, and F. Lozano The Accessory Molecules CD5 and CD6 Associate on the Membrane of Lymphoid T Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 28, 2003; 278(10): 8564 - 8571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giurisato, D. P. McIntosh, M. Tassi, A. Gamberucci, and A. Benedetti T Cell Receptor Can Be Recruited to a Subset of Plasma Membrane Rafts, Independently of Cell Signaling and Attendantly to Raft Clustering J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 2003; 278(9): 6771 - 6778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Fragoso, D. Ren, X. Zhang, M. W.-C. Su, S. J. Burakoff, and Y.-J. Jin Lipid Raft Distribution of CD4 Depends on its Palmitoylation and Association with Lck, and Evidence for CD4-Induced Lipid Raft Aggregation as an Additional Mechanism to Enhance CD3 Signaling J. Immunol., January 15, 2003; 170(2): 913 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Gutierrez-Lopez, S. Ovalle, M. Yanez-Mo, N. Sanchez-Sanchez, E. Rubinstein, N. Olmo, M. A. Lizarbe, F. Sanchez-Madrid, and C. Cabanas A Functionally Relevant Conformational Epitope on the CD9 Tetraspanin Depends on the Association with Activated beta 1 Integrin J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 2003; 278(1): 208 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. A. Castro, R. J. Nunes, M. I. Oliveira, P. A. Tavares, C. Simoes, J. R. Parnes, A. Moreira, and A. M. Carmo OX52 is the rat homologue of CD6: evidence for an effector function in the regulation of CD5 phosphorylation J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2003; 73(1): 183 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Shi, H. Luo, X. Wan, T. W. Salcedo, J. Zhang, and J. Wu Mouse T cells receive costimulatory signals from LIGHT, a TNF family member Blood, October 16, 2002; 100(9): 3279 - 3286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Laderach, M. Movassagh, A. Johnson, R. S. Mittler, and A. Galy 4-1BB co-stimulation enhances human CD8+ T cell priming by augmenting the proliferation and survival of effector CD8+ T cells Int. Immunol., October 1, 2002; 14(10): 1155 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Barat and M. J. Tremblay Engagement of CD43 Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Activity and Virus Production That Is Induced upon TCR/CD3 Stimulation J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 28714 - 28724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Tarrant, J. Groom, D. Metcalf, R. Li, B. Borobokas, M. D. Wright, D. Tarlinton, and L. Robb The Absence of Tssc6, a Member of the Tetraspanin Superfamily, Does Not Affect Lymphoid Development but Enhances In Vitro T-Cell Proliferative Responses Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2002; 22(14): 5006 - 5018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Klem, P. C. Verrett, V. Kumar, and J. D. Schatzle 2B4 Is Constitutively Associated with Linker for the Activation of T Cells in Glycolipid-Enriched Microdomains: Properties Required for 2B4 Lytic Function J. Immunol., July 1, 2002; 169(1): 55 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Triantafilou, K. Miyake, D. T. Golenbock, and K. Triantafilou Mediators of innate immune recognition of bacteria concentrate in lipid rafts and facilitate lipopolysaccharide-induced cell activation J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2002; 115(12): 2603 - 2611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Lu, R. C. Axtell, J. F. Collawn, A. Gibson, L. B. Justement, and C. Raman AP2 Adaptor Complex-Dependent Internalization of CD5: Differential Regulation in T and B Cells J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5612 - 5620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Popik, T. M. Alce, and W.-C. Au Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Uses Lipid Raft-Colocalized CD4 and Chemokine Receptors for Productive Entry into CD4+ T Cells J. Virol., April 16, 2002; 76(10): 4709 - 4722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-Y. Zhou, Y. Yashiro-Ohtani, M. Nakahira, W. R. Park, R. Abe, T. Hamaoka, M. Naramura, H. Gu, and H. Fujiwara Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Differential Contribution of CD28 Versus Non-CD28 Costimulatory Molecules to IL-2 Promoter Activation J. Immunol., April 15, 2002; 168(8): 3847 - 3854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Aoukaty and R. Tan Association of the X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Gene Product SAP/SH2D1A with 2B4, a Natural Killer Cell-activating Molecule, Is Dependent on Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase J. Biol. Chem., April 5, 2002; 277(15): 13331 - 13337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Garofalo, L. Lenti, A. Longo, R. Misasi, V. Mattei, G. M. Pontieri, A. Pavan, and M. Sorice Association of GM3 with Zap-70 Induced by T Cell Activation in Plasma Membrane Microdomains. GM3 AS A MARKER OF MICRODOMAINS IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES J. Biol. Chem., March 22, 2002; 277(13): 11233 - 11238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Mitsuda, K. Furukawa, S. Fukumoto, H. Miyazaki, T. Urano, and K. Furukawa Overexpression of Ganglioside GM1 Results in the Dispersion of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor from Glycolipid-enriched Microdomains and in the Suppression of Cell Growth Signals J. Biol. Chem., March 22, 2002; 277(13): 11239 - 11246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Mitchell, O. Kanca, and B. W. McIntyre Lipid Microdomain Clustering Induces a Redistribution of Antigen Recognition and Adhesion Molecules on Human T Lymphocytes J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2737 - 2744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Alonso and J. Millan The role of lipid rafts in signalling and membrane trafficking in T lymphocytes J. Cell Sci., March 13, 2002; 114(22): 3957 - 3965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Schade and A. D. Levine Lipid Raft Heterogeneity in Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphoblasts: A Mechanism for Regulating the Initiation of TCR Signal Transduction J. Immunol., March 1, 2002; 168(5): 2233 - 2239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Yang, C. Claas, S.-K. Kraeft, L. B. Chen, Z. Wang, J. A. Kreidberg, and M. E. Hemler Palmitoylation of Tetraspanin Proteins: Modulation of CD151 Lateral Interactions, Subcellular Distribution, and Integrin-dependent Cell Morphology Mol. Biol. Cell, March 1, 2002; 13(3): 767 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Christ, U. Gunthert, D.-S. Schmidt, and M. Zoller Allogeneic reconstitution after nonmyeloablative conditioning: mitigation of graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft reactivity by anti-CD44v6 J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2002; 71(1): 33 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Matskova, I. Ernberg, T. Pawson, and G. Winberg C-Terminal Domain of the Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A Membrane Protein Contains a Clustering Signal J. Virol., November 15, 2001; 75(22): 10941 - 10949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Mestas and C. C. W. Hughes Endothelial Cell Costimulation of T Cell Activation Through CD58-CD2 Interactions Involves Lipid Raft Aggregation J. Immunol., October 15, 2001; 167(8): 4378 - 4385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ishii, K. Ohnuma, A. Murakami, N. Takasawa, S. Kobayashi, N. H. Dang, S. F. Schlossman, and C. Morimoto CD26-mediated signaling for T cell activation occurs in lipid rafts through its association with CD45RO PNAS, September 26, 2001; (2001) 211439098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Agrawal, J. Marquet, J. Plumas, H. Rouard, M.-H. Delfau-Larue, P. Gaulard, L. Boumsell, F. Reyes, A. Bensussan, and J.-P. Farcet Multiple co-stimulatory signals are required for triggering proliferation of T cells from human secondary lymphoid tissue Int. Immunol., April 1, 2001; 13(4): 441 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kaji, S. Takeshita, K. Miyake, T. Takai, and A. Kudo Functional Association of CD9 with the Fc{{gamma}} Receptors in Macrophages J. Immunol., March 1, 2001; 166(5): 3256 - 3265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. McKean, C. J. Huntoon, M. P. Bell, X. Tai, S. Sharrow, K. E. Hedin, A. Conley, and A. Singer Maturation Versus Death of Developing Double-Positive Thymocytes Reflects Competing Effects on Bcl-2 Expression and Can Be Regulated by the Intensity of CD28 Costimulation J. Immunol., March 1, 2001; 166(5): 3468 - 3475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. P. Patel, M. Moran, T. A. Low, and M. C. Miceli A Molecular Framework for Two-Step T Cell Signaling: Lck Src Homology 3 Mutations Discriminate Distinctly Regulated Lipid Raft Reorganization Events J. Immunol., January 15, 2001; 166(2): 754 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Lin, M. P. Martelli, and B. E. Bierer The involvement of the proto-oncogene p120 c-Cbl and ZAP-70 in CD2-mediated T cell activation Int. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 13(1): 13 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Vila, J. Calvo, L. Places, O. Padilla, M. Arman, I. Gimferrer, C. Aussel, J. Vives, and F. Lozano Role of Two Conserved Cytoplasmic Threonine Residues (T410 and T412) in CD5 Signaling J. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 166(1): 396 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. R. Ebert, J. F. Baker, and J. A. Punt Immature CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes Do Not Polarize Lipid Rafts in Response to TCR-Mediated Signals J. Immunol., November 15, 2000; 165(10): 5435 - 5442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Michel, G. Mangino, G. Attal-Bonnefoy, L. Tuosto, A. Alcover, A. Roumier, D. Olive, and O. Acuto CD28 Utilizes Vav-1 to Enhance TCR-Proximal Signaling and NF-AT Activation J. Immunol., October 1, 2000; 165(7): 3820 - 3829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Martelli, H. Lin, W. Zhang, L. E. Samelson, and B. E. Bierer Signaling via LAT (linker for T-cell activation) and Syk/ZAP70 is required for ERK activation and NFAT transcriptional activation following CD2 stimulation Blood, September 15, 2000; 96(6): 2181 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Claas, C. S. Stipp, and M. E. Hemler Evaluation of Prototype Transmembrane 4 Superfamily Protein Complexes and Their Relation to Lipid Rafts J. Biol. Chem., March 9, 2001; 276(11): 7974 - 7984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Rebres, J. M. Green, M. I. Reinhold, M. Ticchioni, and E. J. Brown Membrane Raft Association of CD47 Is Necessary for Actin Polymerization and Protein Kinase C theta Translocation in Its Synergistic Activation of T Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 2, 2001; 276(10): 7672 - 7680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yang and E. L. Reinherz Dynamic Recruitment of Human CD2 into Lipid Rafts. LINKAGE TO T CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION J. Biol. Chem., May 25, 2001; 276(22): 18775 - 18785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Stipp, D. Orlicky, and M. E. Hemler FPRP, a Major, Highly Stoichiometric, Highly Specific CD81- and CD9-associated Protein J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 4853 - 4862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. A. Zhang, A. L. Bontrager, and M. E. Hemler Transmembrane-4 Superfamily Proteins Associate with Activated Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Link PKC to Specific beta 1 Integrins J. Biol. Chem., June 29, 2001; 276(27): 25005 - 25013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zubiaur, O. Fernandez, E. Ferrero, J. Salmeron, B. Malissen, F. Malavasi, and J. Sancho CD38 Is Associated with Lipid Rafts and upon Receptor Stimulation Leads to Akt/Protein Kinase B and Erk Activation in the Absence of the CD3-zeta Immune Receptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs J. Biol. Chem., January 4, 2002; 277(1): 13 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. S. Hostager, I. M. Catlett, and G. A. Bishop Recruitment of CD40 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factors 2 and 3 to Membrane Microdomains during CD40 Signaling J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2000; 275(20): 15392 - 15398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ishii, K. Ohnuma, A. Murakami, N. Takasawa, S. Kobayashi, N. H. Dang, S. F. Schlossman, and C. Morimoto CD26-mediated signaling for T cell activation occurs in lipid rafts through its association with CD45RO PNAS, October 9, 2001; 98(21): 12138 - 12143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Hemler Specific tetraspanin functions J. Cell Biol., December 24, 2001; 155(7): 1103 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Yuan, E. Takeuchi, and D. J. Salant Podocyte slit-diaphragm protein nephrin is linked to the actin cytoskeleton Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): F585 - F591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
