| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114
LPS elicits several immediate proinflammatoy responses in
peripheral blood leukocytes via a recently described pathway including
CD14, Toll-like receptors (TLR), serine-threonine kinases, and NF-
B
transcription factor. However, the functional responses of intestinal
epithelial cells (IEC) to stimulation with LPS are unknown. Expression
of mRNA and protein for CD14 and TLRs were assessed by RT-PCR,
immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry in mouse and human IEC lines.
LPS-induced activation of signaling pathways (p42/p44 mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK),
p38, p65, NF-B) were assessed by immunoblotting and gel shifts. CD14
mRNA and protein expression were not detectable in IEC. However, human
TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 mRNA were present in IEC. TLR4 protein was
expressed in all cell lines; however, TLR2 protein was absent in HT29
cells. Immunofluorescent staining of T84 cells demonstrated the
cell-surface presence of the TLRs. LPS-stimulation of IEC resulted in
activation (>1.5-fold) of the three members of the MAPK family. In
contrast, LPS did not significantly induce activation of JNK and p38 in
CMT93 cells, p38 in T84 cells and MAPK and JNK in HT29 cells.
Downstream, LPS activated NF-B in IEC in a time-, dose-, and
serum-dependent manner. IEC express TLRs that appear to mediate LPS
stimulation of specific intracellular signal transduction pathways in
IEC. Thus, IEC may play a frontline role in monitoring lumenal
bacteria.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. L. W. Walton, L. Holt, and R. B. Sartor Lipopolysaccharide activates innate immune responses in murine intestinal myofibroblasts through multiple signaling pathways Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2009; 296(3): G601 - G611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ghoshal, J. Witta, J. Zhong, W. de Villiers, and E. Eckhardt Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2009; 50(1): 90 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Dumont, P. Bouchard, and J. Frenette Neutrophil-induced skeletal muscle damage: a calculated and controlled response following hindlimb unloading and reloading Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): R1831 - R1838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Mishra, Q. Zhang, J. L. Rosson, J. Moran, J. M. Dopp, and B. L. Neudeck Lipopolysaccharide Increases Cell Surface P-glycoprotein That Exhibits Diminished Activity in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Drug Metab. Dispos., October 1, 2008; 36(10): 2145 - 2149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Zhang, S. M. Moochhala, and M. Bhatia Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Inflammatory Response by Activating the ERK Pathway in Polymicrobial Sepsis J. Immunol., September 15, 2008; 181(6): 4320 - 4331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Gribar, R. J. Anand, C. P. Sodhi, and D. J. Hackam The role of epithelial Toll-like receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2008; 83(3): 493 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Walmsley, N. N. McGovern, M. K. B. Whyte, and E. R. Chilvers The HIF/VHL Pathway: From Oxygen Sensing to Innate Immunity Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., March 1, 2008; 38(3): 251 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Leaphart, J. Cavallo, S. C. Gribar, S. Cetin, J. Li, M. F. Branca, T. D. Dubowski, C. P. Sodhi, and D. J. Hackam A Critical Role for TLR4 in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Modulating Intestinal Injury and Repair J. Immunol., October 1, 2007; 179(7): 4808 - 4820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Ye, E. O. Petrof, D. Boone, E. C. Claud, and J. Sun Salmonella Effector AvrA Regulation of Colonic Epithelial Cell Inflammation by Deubiquitination Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 171(3): 882 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-F. Fang, J. H. Cho, Q. He, M.-C. Lin, C.-C. Wu, N. F. Voelkel, and I. S. Douglas Lipid A fraction of LPS induces a discrete MAPK activation in acute lung injury Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): L336 - L344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Nolte, S. LeibundGut-Landmann, O. Joffre, and C. R. e Sousa Dendritic cell quiescence during systemic inflammation driven by LPS stimulation of radioresistant cells in vivo J. Exp. Med., June 11, 2007; 204(6): 1487 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bogunovic, S. H. Dave, J. S. Tilstra, D. T. W. Chang, N. Harpaz, H. Xiong, L. F. Mayer, and S. E. Plevy Enteroendocrine cells express functional Toll-like receptors Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): G1770 - G1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sun, P. E. Fegan, A. S. Desai, J. L. Madara, and M. E. Hobert Flagellin-induced tolerance of the Toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway in polarized intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): G767 - G778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Chen, Z. Ge, J. G. Fox, and D. B. Schauer Disruption of Tight Junctions and Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses in Colonic Epithelial Cells by Campylobacter jejuni Infect. Immun., December 1, 2006; 74(12): 6581 - 6589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Mueller, T. Terada, I. M. Rosenberg, O. Shibolet, and D. K. Podolsky Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Immunol., May 15, 2006; 176(10): 5805 - 5814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lotz, D. Gutle, S. Walther, S. Menard, C. Bogdan, and M. W. Hornef Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cells J. Exp. Med., April 17, 2006; 203(4): 973 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cario, D. T. Golenbock, A. Visintin, M. Runzi, G. Gerken, and D. K. Podolsky Trypsin-Sensitive Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial MD-2 as Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 4258 - 4266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Chabot, J. S. Wagner, S. Farrant, and M. R. Neutra TLRs Regulate the Gatekeeping Functions of the Intestinal Follicle-Associated Epithelium J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 4275 - 4283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Hirata, T. Ohmae, W. Shibata, S. Maeda, K. Ogura, H. Yoshida, T. Kawabe, and M. Omata MyD88 and TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 Are Critical Signal Transducers in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Human Epithelial Cells J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3796 - 3803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Schreiber Slipping the barrier: how variants in CARD15 could alter permeability of the intestinal wall and population health Gut, March 1, 2006; 55(3): 308 - 309. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Neal, C. Leaphart, R. Levy, J. Prince, T. R. Billiar, S. Watkins, J. Li, S. Cetin, H. Ford, A. Schreiber, et al. Enterocyte TLR4 Mediates Phagocytosis and Translocation of Bacteria Across the Intestinal Barrier. J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 3070 - 3079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Chanchevalap, M. O. Nandan, B. B. McConnell, L. Charrier, D. Merlin, J. P. Katz, and V. W. Yang Kruppel-like factor 5 is an important mediator for lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells Nucleic Acids Res., February 25, 2006; 34(4): 1216 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Chang, M.-S. Wu, J.-T. Lin, and C.-C. Chen Helicobacter pylori-Induced Invasion and Angiogenesis of Gastric Cells Is Mediated by Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction through TLR2/TLR9 and Promoter Regulation J. Immunol., December 15, 2005; 175(12): 8242 - 8252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Butler, D. H. Francis, J. Freeling, P. Weber, and A. M. Krieg Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal and Neonatal Piglets. IX. Three Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns Act Synergistically to Allow Germfree Piglets to Respond to Type 2 Thymus-Independent and Thymus-Dependent Antigens J. Immunol., November 15, 2005; 175(10): 6772 - 6785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Ismail and L. V. Hooper Epithelial Cells and Their Neighbors. IV. Bacterial contributions to intestinal epithelial barrier integrity Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): G779 - G784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. C. H. Yu, A. N. Flynn, J. R. Turner, and A. G. Buret SGLT-1-mediated glucose uptake protects intestinal epithelial cells against LPS-induced apoptosis and barrier defects: a novel cellular rescue mechanism? FASEB J, November 1, 2005; 19(13): 1822 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Brun, I. Castagliuolo, M. Pinzani, G. Palu, and D. Martines Exposure to bacterial cell wall products triggers an inflammatory phenotype in hepatic stellate cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): G571 - G578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. MacCallum, G. Haddock, and P. H. Everest Campylobacter jejuni activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in Caco-2 cell monolayers and in vitro infected primary human colonic tissue Microbiology, August 1, 2005; 151(8): 2765 - 2772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Gomariz, A. Arranz, C. Abad, M. Torroba, C. Martinez, F. Rosignoli, M. Garcia-Gomez, J. Leceta, and Y. Juarranz Time-course expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in inflammatory bowel disease and homeostatic effect of VIP J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2005; 78(2): 491 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E Cario BACTERIAL INTERACTIONS WITH CELLS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA: TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS AND NOD2 Gut, August 1, 2005; 54(8): 1182 - 1193. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q S Guo, B Xia, Y Jiang, S A Morre, L Cheng, J Li, J B A Crusius, and A S Pena Polymorphisms of CD14 gene and TLR4 gene are not associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese patients Postgrad. Med. J., August 1, 2005; 81(958): 526 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Parker, M. K. B. Whyte, S. K. Dower, and I. Sabroe The expression and roles of Toll-like receptors in the biology of the human neutrophil J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 77(6): 886 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Fazeli, C. Bruce, and D.O. Anumba Characterization of Toll-like receptors in the female reproductive tract in humans Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2005; 20(5): 1372 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Salminen, M. Gueimonde, and E. Isolauri Probiotics That Modify Disease Risk J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1294 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Abreu, M. Fukata, and M. Arditi TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4453 - 4460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. Servin Pathogenesis of Afa/Dr Diffusely Adhering Escherichia coli Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2005; 18(2): 264 - 292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Shanahan Physiological Basis for Novel Drug Therapies Used to Treat the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases I. Pathophysiological basis and prospects for probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): G417 - G421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. I. Singh, S. M. Cruickshank, D. J. Newton, L. Wakenshaw, A. Graham, J. Lan, J. P. A. Lodge, P. J. Felsburg, and S. R. Carding Toll-like receptor-mediated responses of primary intestinal epithelial cells during the development of colitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): G514 - G524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hirata, Y. Osuga, Y. Hirota, K. Koga, O. Yoshino, M. Harada, C. Morimoto, T. Yano, O. Nishii, O. Tsutsumi, et al. Evidence for the Presence of Toll-Like Receptor 4 System in the Human Endometrium J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2005; 90(1): 548 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Pisegna, G. Pirozzi, M. Piccoli, L. Frati, A. Santoni, and G. Palmieri p38 MAPK activation controls the TLR3-mediated up-regulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine production in human NK cells Blood, December 15, 2004; 104(13): 4157 - 4164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sato and A. Iwasaki From The Cover: Induction of antiviral immunity requires Toll-like receptor signaling in both stromal and dendritic cell compartments PNAS, November 16, 2004; 101(46): 16274 - 16279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Vora, A. Youdim, L. S. Thomas, M. Fukata, S. Y. Tesfay, K. Lukasek, K. S. Michelsen, A. Wada, T. Hirayama, M. Arditi, et al. {beta}-Defensin-2 Expression Is Regulated by TLR Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Immunol., November 1, 2004; 173(9): 5398 - 5405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ueta, T. Nochi, M.-H. Jang, E. J. Park, O. Igarashi, A. Hino, S. Kawasaki, T. Shikina, T. Hiroi, S. Kinoshita, et al. Intracellularly Expressed TLR2s and TLR4s Contribution to an Immunosilent Environment at the Ocular Mucosal Epithelium J. Immunol., September 1, 2004; 173(5): 3337 - 3347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rumio, D. Besusso, M. Palazzo, S. Selleri, L. Sfondrini, F. Dubini, S. Menard, and A. Balsari Degranulation of Paneth Cells via Toll-Like Receptor 9 Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2004; 165(2): 373 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Magness, H. Jijon, N. Van Houten Fisher, N. E. Sharpless, D. A. Brenner, and C. Jobin In Vivo Pattern of Lipopolysaccharide and Anti-CD3-Induced NF-{kappa}B Activation Using a Novel Gene-Targeted Enhanced GFP Reporter Gene Mouse J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 1561 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ishihara, M. A. K. Rumi, Y. Kadowaki, C. F. Ortega-Cava, T. Yuki, N. Yoshino, Y. Miyaoka, H. Kazumori, N. Ishimura, Y. Amano, et al. Essential Role of MD-2 in TLR4-Dependent Signaling during Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastritis J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1406 - 1416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Cetin, H. R. Ford, L. R. Sysko, C. Agarwal, J. Wang, M. D. Neal, C. Baty, G. Apodaca, and D. J. Hackam Endotoxin Inhibits Intestinal Epithelial Restitution through Activation of Rho-GTPase and Increased Focal Adhesions J. Biol. Chem., June 4, 2004; 279(23): 24592 - 24600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Muir, G. Soong, S. Sokol, B. Reddy, M. I. Gomez, A. van Heeckeren, and A. Prince Toll-Like Receptors in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., June 1, 2004; 30(6): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Borchers, C. L. Keen, and M. E. Gershwin Mushrooms, Tumors, and Immunity: An Update Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2004; 229(5): 393 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Otte and D. K. Podolsky Functional modulation of enterocytes by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): G613 - G626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kojima, M. W. Musch, M. J. Ropeleski, D. L. Boone, A. Ma, and E. B. Chang Escherichia coli LPS induces heat shock protein 25 in intestinal epithelial cells through MAP kinase activation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): G645 - G652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Benjamim, C. M. Hogaboam, and S. L. Kunkel The chronic consequences of severe sepsis J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 408 - 412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Guillot, S. Medjane, K. Le-Barillec, V. Balloy, C. Danel, M. Chignard, and M. Si-Tahar Response of Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide Involves Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent Signaling Pathways: EVIDENCE FOR AN INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF TLR4 J. Biol. Chem., January 23, 2004; 279(4): 2712 - 2718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Benjamim, C. M. Hogaboam, N. W. Lukacs, and S. L. Kunkel Septic Mice Are Susceptible to Pulmonary Aspergillosis Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 163(6): 2605 - 2617. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Van Amersfoort, T. J. C. Van Berkel, and J. Kuiper Receptors, Mediators, and Mechanisms Involved in Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock Clin. Microbiol. Rev., July 1, 2003; 16(3): 379 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Su, P. J. M. Ceponis, S. Lebel, H. Huynh, and P. M. Sherman Helicobacter pylori Activates Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells Infect. Immun., June 1, 2003; 71(6): 3496 - 3502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Suzuki, T. Hisamatsu, and D. K. Podolsky Gamma Interferon Augments the Intracellular Pathway for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Recognition in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Coordinated Up-Regulation of LPS Uptake and Expression of the Intracellular Toll-Like Receptor 4-MD-2 Complex Infect. Immun., June 1, 2003; 71(6): 3503 - 3511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Ortega-Cava, S. Ishihara, M. A. K. Rumi, K. Kawashima, N. Ishimura, H. Kazumori, J. Udagawa, Y. Kadowaki, and Y. Kinoshita Strategic Compartmentalization of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Mouse Gut J. Immunol., April 15, 2003; 170(8): 3977 - 3985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Schilling, S. M. Martin, C. S. Hung, R. G. Lorenz, and S. J. Hultgren Toll-like receptor 4 on stromal and hematopoietic cells mediates innate resistance to uropathogenic Escherichiacoli PNAS, April 1, 2003; 100(7): 4203 - 4208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Courtois, E. G Seidman, E. Delvin, C. Asselin, S. Bernotti, M. Ledoux, and E. Levy Membrane peroxidation by lipopolysaccharide and iron-ascorbate adversely affects Caco-2 cell function: beneficial role of butyric acid Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2003; 77(3): 744 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Okamoto, T. Oshikawa, T. Tano, G. Ohe, S. Furuichi, H. Nishikawa, S. U. Ahmed, S. Akashi, K. Miyake, O. Takeuchi, et al. Involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Interferon-{gamma} Production and Antitumor Effect by Streptococcal Agent OK-432 J Natl Cancer Inst, February 19, 2003; 95(4): 316 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Asai, T. Jinno, and T. Ogawa Oral Treponemes and Their Outer Membrane Extracts Activate Human Gingival Epithelial Cells through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 717 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Melmed, L. S. Thomas, N. Lee, S. Y. Tesfay, K. Lukasek, K. S. Michelsen, Y. Zhou, B. Hu, M. Arditi, and M. T. Abreu Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Are Broadly Unresponsive to Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Bacterial Ligands: Implications for Host-Microbial Interactions in the Gut J. Immunol., February 1, 2003; 170(3): 1406 - 1415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Weatherby, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse Resistance of Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium Is Induced by {alpha}2-Adrenergic Stimulation Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 22 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Butler, P. Weber, M. Sinkora, D. Baker, A. Schoenherr, B. Mayer, and D. Francis Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal and Neonatal Piglets. VIII. Colonization Is Required for Newborn Piglets to Make Serum Antibodies to T-Dependent and Type 2 T-Independent Antigens J. Immunol., December 15, 2002; 169(12): 6822 - 6830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. E. Putnins, A.-R. Sanaie, Q. Wu, and J. D. Firth Induction of Keratinocyte Growth Factor 1 Expression by Lipopolysaccharide Is Regulated by CD-14 and Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Infect. Immun., December 1, 2002; 70(12): 6541 - 6548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F M Ruemmele, J F Beaulieu, S Dionne, E Levy, E G Seidman, N Cerf-Bensussan, and M J Lentze Lipopolysaccharide modulation of normal enterocyte turnover by toll-like receptors is mediated by endogenously produced tumour necrosis factor {alpha} Gut, December 1, 2002; 51(6): 842 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Agelaki, C. Tsatsanis, A. Gravanis, and A. N. Margioris Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Augments Proinflammatory Cytokine Production from Macrophages In Vitro and in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endotoxin Shock in Mice Infect. Immun., November 1, 2002; 70(11): 6068 - 6074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Haller, M. P. Russo, R. B. Sartor, and C. Jobin IKKbeta and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Participate in Non-pathogenic Gram-negative Enteric Bacteria-induced RelA Phosphorylation and NF-kappa B Activation in Both Primary and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 2002; 277(41): 38168 - 38178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Cameron, D. Bingham, A. Paul, M. Pavelka, S. Cameron, D. Rotondo, and R. Plevin Essential Role for Verotoxin in Sustained Stress-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling, Stimulated by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Vero Cells Infect. Immun., October 1, 2002; 70(10): 5370 - 5380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Hershberg The Epithelial Cell Cytoskeleton and Intracellular Trafficking: V. Polarized compartmentalization of antigen processing and Toll-like receptor signaling in intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): G833 - G839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tsuboi, Y. Yoshikai, S. Matsuo, T. Kikuchi, K.-I. Iwami, Y. Nagai, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, and T. Matsuguchi Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in C-C Chemokine Production by Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells J. Immunol., August 15, 2002; 169(4): 2026 - 2033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. B. Jijon, W. J. Panenka, K. L. Madsen, and H. G. Parsons MAP kinases contribute to IL-8 secretion by intestinal epithelial cells via a posttranscriptional mechanism Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): C31 - C41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Fierer, M. A. Swancutt, D. Heumann, and D. Golenbock The Role of Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein in Resistance to Salmonella Infections in Mice J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6396 - 6403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dessus-Babus, T. L. Darville, F. P. Cuozzo, K. Ferguson, and P. B. Wyrick Differences in Innate Immune Responses (In Vitro) to HeLa Cells Infected with Nondisseminating Serovar E and Disseminating Serovar L2 of Chlamydia trachomatis Infect. Immun., June 1, 2002; 70(6): 3234 - 3248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dahan, V. Busuttil, V. Imbert, J.-F. Peyron, P. Rampal, and D. Czerucka Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection Induces Interleukin-8 Production via Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and the Transcription Factors NF-{kappa}B and AP-1 in T84 Cells Infect. Immun., May 1, 2002; 70(5): 2304 - 2310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Vidal, A. Donnet-Hughes, and D. Granato Lipoteichoic Acids from Lactobacillus johnsonii Strain La1 and Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain La10 Antagonize the Responsiveness of Human Intestinal Epithelial HT29 Cells to Lipopolysaccharide and Gram-Negative Bacteria Infect. Immun., April 1, 2002; 70(4): 2057 - 2064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kohler, S. P. Rodrigues, and B. A. McCormick Shigella flexneri Interactions with the Basolateral Membrane Domain of Polarized Model Intestinal Epithelium: Role of Lipopolysaccharide in Cell Invasion and in Activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase ERK Infect. Immun., March 1, 2002; 70(3): 1150 - 1158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. H. Nemeth, E. A. Deitch, C. Szabo, Z. Fekete, C. J. Hauser, and G. Hasko Lithium Induces NF-kappa B Activation and Interleukin-8 Production in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 1, 2002; 277(10): 7713 - 7719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. N. Fichorova, A. O. Cronin, E. Lien, D. J. Anderson, and R. R. Ingalls Response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Cervicovaginal Epithelial Cells Occurs in the Absence of Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling J. Immunol., March 1, 2002; 168(5): 2424 - 2432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Hornef, T. Frisan, A. Vandewalle, S. Normark, and A. Richter-Dahlfors Toll-like Receptor 4 Resides in the Golgi Apparatus and Colocalizes with Internalized Lipopolysaccharide in Intestinal Epithelial Cells J. Exp. Med., February 25, 2002; 195(5): 559 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. A. M. Wolfs, W. A. Buurman, A. van Schadewijk, B. de Vries, M. A. R. C. Daemen, P. S. Hiemstra, and C. van 't Veer In Vivo Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 by Renal Epithelial Cells: IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} Mediated Up-Regulation During Inflammation J. Immunol., February 1, 2002; 168(3): 1286 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Wang, C. Moser, J.-P. Louboutin, E. S. Lysenko, D. J. Weiner, J. N. Weiser, and J. M. Wilson Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Innate Immune Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Infection in Mouse Lung J. Immunol., January 15, 2002; 168(2): 810 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Termeer, F. Benedix, J. Sleeman, C. Fieber, U. Voith, T. Ahrens, K. Miyake, M. Freudenberg, C. Galanos, and J. C. Simon Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-like Receptor 4 J. Exp. Med., January 7, 2002; 195(1): 99 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Tsutsumi-Ishii and I. Nagaoka NF-{kappa}B-mediated transcriptional regulation of human {beta}-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2002; 71(1): 154 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cario, D. Brown, M. McKee, K. Lynch-Devaney, G. Gerken, and D. K. Podolsky Commensal-Associated Molecular Patterns Induce Selective Toll-Like Receptor-Trafficking from Apical Membrane to Cytoplasmic Compartments in Polarized Intestinal Epithelium Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2002; 160(1): 165 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Asai, Y. Ohyama, K. Gen, and T. Ogawa Bacterial Fimbriae and Their Peptides Activate Human Gingival Epithelial Cells through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., December 1, 2001; 69(12): 7387 - 7395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. McCurdy, T.-J. Lin, and J. S. Marshall Toll-like receptor 4-mediated activation of murine mast cells J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2001; 70(6): 977 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Watanabe, O. Yilmaz, S. F. Nakhjiri, C. M. Belton, and R. J. Lamont Association of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways with Gingival Epithelial Cell Responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection Infect. Immun., November 1, 2001; 69(11): 6731 - 6737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. I. Song, T. A. Abraham, Y. Park, A. S. Zivony, B. Harten, H. F. Edelhauser, S. L. Ward, C. A. Armstrong, and J. C. Ansel The Expression of Functional LPS Receptor Proteins CD14 And Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Human Corneal Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2001; 42(12): 2867 - 2877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Rozenfeld, X. Liu, I. Deplaen, and W. Hsueh Role of gut flora on intestinal group II phospholipase A2 activity and intestinal injury in shock Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): G957 - G963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kawahara, S. Teshima, Y. Kuwano, A. Oka, K. Kishi, and K. Rokutan Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide induces apoptosis of cultured guinea pig gastric mucosal cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): G726 - G734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Supajatura, H. Ushio, A. Nakao, K. Okumura, C. Ra, and H. Ogawa Protective Roles of Mast Cells Against Enterobacterial Infection Are Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 4 J. Immunol., August 15, 2001; 167(4): 2250 - 2256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Abreu, P. Vora, E. Faure, L. S. Thomas, E. T. Arnold, and M. Arditi Decreased Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 and MD-2 Correlates with Intestinal Epithelial Cell Protection Against Dysregulated Proinflammatory Gene Expression in Response to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide J. Immunol., August 1, 2001; 167(3): 1609 - 1616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kawahara, S. Teshima, A. Oka, T. Sugiyama, K. Kishi, and K. Rokutan Type I Helicobacter pylori Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Activates Mitogen Oxidase 1 in Gastric Pit Cells Infect. Immun., July 1, 2001; 69(7): 4382 - 4389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. Tong, Y. Chen, M. James, J. Van Deusen, D. B. Welling, and T. F. DeMaria Expression of Cytokine and Chemokine Genes by Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells Induced by Formalin-Killed Haemophilus influenzae or Its Lipooligosaccharide htrB and rfaD Mutants Infect. Immun., June 1, 2001; 69(6): 3678 - 3684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Funda, L. Tuckova, M. A. Farre, T. Iwase, I. Moro, and H. Tlaskalova-Hogenova CD14 Is Expressed and Released as Soluble CD14 by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro: Lipopolysaccharide Activation of Epithelial Cells Revisited Infect. Immun., June 1, 2001; 69(6): 3772 - 3781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Alexander and E. Th. Rietschel Invited review: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity Innate Immunity, June 1, 2001; 7(3): 167 - 202. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
