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,
*
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242;
Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246;
CpG ImmunoPharmaceuticals GmbH, Hilden, Germany; and
CpG ImmunoPharmaceuticals, Inc., Wellesly, MA 02481
The vertebrate immune system recognizes bacterial DNA based on the
presence of unmethylated CpG-dinucleotides in particular base contexts
("CpG motifs"). In contrast to mice, knowledge about CpG-mediated
effects on human B cells is poor. In the present study we identify and
determine an optimal human CpG motif. A phosphodiester oligonucleotide
containing this motif strongly stimulated CD86, CD40, CD54, and MHC
class II expression, IL-6 synthesis, and proliferation of primary human
B cells. These effects required internalization of the oligonucleotide
and endosomal maturation. The molecular mechanism of action of this CpG
motif was associated with the sustained induction of the NF-
B
p50/p65 heterodimer and of the transcription-factor complex AP-1.
Transcription-factor activation by CpG DNA was preceded by increased
phosphorylation of the stress kinases c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38,
and of activating transcription factor-2. In contrast to CpG, signaling
through the B cell receptor led to activation of extracellular receptor
kinase and to phosphorylation of a different isoform of c-Jun
N-terminal kinase. These studies define the structure of a highly
active human CpG motif and characterize its molecular mechanism of
action in primary human B cells.
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A. Krug, S. Rothenfusser, S. Selinger, C. Bock, M. Kerkmann, J. Battiany, A. Sarris, T. Giese, D. Speiser, S. Endres, et al. CpG-A Oligonucleotides Induce a Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell-Like Phenotype That Preferentially Activates CD8 T Cells J. Immunol., April 1, 2003; 170(7): 3468 - 3477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. D. Sandler, H. Chihara, G. Kobayashi, X. Zhu, M. A. Miller, D. L. Scott, and A. M. Krieg CpG Oligonucleotides Enhance the Tumor Antigen-specific Immune Response of a Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor-based Vaccine Strategy in Neuroblastoma Cancer Res., January 15, 2003; 63(2): 394 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Jahrsdorfer, R. Jox, L. Muhlenhoff, K. Tschoep, A. Krug, S. Rothenfusser, G. Meinhardt, B. Emmerich, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann Modulation of malignant B cell activation and apoptosis by bcl-2 antisense ODN and immunostimulatory CpG ODN J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2002; 72(1): 83 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gierynska, U. Kumaraguru, S.-K. Eo, S. Lee, A. Krieg, and B. T. Rouse Induction of CD8 T-Cell-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Herpes Simplex Virus with CpG-Peptide Complexes J. Virol., June 5, 2002; 76(13): 6568 - 6576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gursel, D. Verthelyi, I. Gursel, K. J. Ishii, and D. M. Klinman Differential and competitive activation of human immune cells by distinct classes of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2002; 71(5): 813 - 820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Hornung, S. Rothenfusser, S. Britsch, A. Krug, B. Jahrsdorfer, T. Giese, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann Quantitative Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 1-10 mRNA in Cellular Subsets of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Sensitivity to CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides J. Immunol., May 1, 2002; 168(9): 4531 - 4537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.-K. Yi, J.-G. Yoon, S.-J. Yeo, S.-C. Hong, B. K. English, and A. M. Krieg Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in CpG DNA-Mediated IL-10 and IL-12 Production: Central Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in the Negative Feedback Loop of the CpG DNA-Mediated Th1 Response J. Immunol., May 1, 2002; 168(9): 4711 - 4720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. ZOU, H. SCHWARTZ, S. ENDRES, G. HARTMANN, and Z. BAR-SHAVIT CpG oligonucleotides: novel regulators of osteoclast differentiation FASEB J, March 1, 2002; 16(3): 274 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Verthelyi, R. T. Kenney, R. A. Seder, A. A. Gam, B. Friedag, and D. M. Klinman CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Vaccine Adjuvants in Primates J. Immunol., February 15, 2002; 168(4): 1659 - 1663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Decker, S. Hipp, R. J. Kreitman, I. Pastan, C. Peschel, and T. Licht Sensitization of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to recombinant immunotoxin by immunostimulatory phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides Blood, February 15, 2002; 99(4): 1320 - 1326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A.-K. Yi, J.-G. Yoon, S.-C. Hong, T. W. Redford, and A. M. Krieg Lipopolysaccharide and CpG DNA synergize for tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} production through activation of NF-{kappa}B Int. Immunol., November 1, 2001; 13(11): 1391 - 1404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. K. Ballas, A. M. Krieg, T. Warren, W. Rasmussen, H. L. Davis, M. Waldschmidt, and G. J. Weiner Divergent Therapeutic and Immunologic Effects of Oligodeoxynucleotides with Distinct CpG Motifs J. Immunol., November 1, 2001; 167(9): 4878 - 4886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Takeshita, C. A. Leifer, I. Gursel, K. J. Ishii, S. Takeshita, M. Gursel, and D. M. Klinman Cutting Edge: Role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 in CpG DNA-Induced Activation of Human Cells J. Immunol., October 1, 2001; 167(7): 3555 - 3558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Kadowaki, S. Ho, S. Antonenko, R. de Waal Malefyt, R. A. Kastelein, F. Bazan, and Y.-J. Liu Subsets of Human Dendritic Cell Precursors Express Different Toll-like Receptors and Respond to Different Microbial Antigens J. Exp. Med., September 17, 2001; 194(6): 863 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. H. Baek, S. J. Ha, and Y. C. Sung A Novel Function of Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides as Chemoattractants for Primary Macrophages J. Immunol., September 1, 2001; 167(5): 2847 - 2854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. Britigan, T. S. Lewis, M. Waldschmidt, M. L. McCormick, and A. M. Krieg Lactoferrin Binds CpG-Containing Oligonucleotides and Inhibits Their Immunostimulatory Effects on Human B Cells J. Immunol., September 1, 2001; 167(5): 2921 - 2928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Blazar, A. M. Krieg, and P. A. Taylor Synthetic unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides are potent stimulators of antileukemia responses in naive and bone marrow transplant recipients Blood, August 15, 2001; 98(4): 1217 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-J. Wu, C. Venkataraman, S. Estus, C. Dong, R. J. Davis, R. A. Flavell, and S. Bondada Positive Signaling Through CD72 Induces Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Synergizes with B Cell Receptor Signals to Induce X-Linked Immunodeficiency B Cell Proliferation J. Immunol., August 1, 2001; 167(3): 1263 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Neufert, R. K. Pai, E. H. Noss, M. Berger, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein Promotes Neutrophil Activation J. Immunol., August 1, 2001; 167(3): 1542 - 1549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. K. M. Shoda, K. A. Kegerreis, C. E. Suarez, W. Mwangi, D. P. Knowles, and W. C. Brown Immunostimulatory CpG-modified plasmid DNA enhances IL-12, TNF-{alpha}, and NO production by bovine macrophages J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2001; 70(1): 103 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Bohle, L. Orel, D. Kraft, and C. Ebner Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing CpG Motifs Induce Low Levels of TNF-{{alpha}} in Human B Lymphocytes: Possible Adjuvants for Th1 Responses J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 3743 - 3748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Grüber, M. Kulig, R. Bergmann, I. Guggenmoos-Holzmann, U. Wahn, and the MAS-90 Study Group Delayed Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin, Total Immunoglobulin E, Specific Sensitization, and Atopic Manifestation in Longitudinally Followed Early Bacille Calmette-Guerin-Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Children Pediatrics, March 1, 2001; 107(3): 36e - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. Kadowaki, S. Antonenko, and Y.-J. Liu Distinct CpG DNA and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Double-Stranded RNA, Respectively, Stimulate CD11c- Type 2 Dendritic Cell Precursors and CD11c+ Dendritic Cells to Produce Type I IFN J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2291 - 2295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Verthelyi, K. J. Ishii, M. Gursel, F. Takeshita, and D. M. Klinman Human Peripheral Blood Cells Differentially Recognize and Respond to Two Distinct CpG Motifs J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2372 - 2377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Jahrsdörfer, G. Hartmann, E. Racila, W. Jackson, L. Mühlenhoff, G. Meinhardt, S. Endres, B. K. Link, A. M. Krieg, and G. J. Weiner CpG DNA increases primary malignant B cell expression of costimulatory molecules and target antigens J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2001; 69(1): 81 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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