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*
Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, Italy;
Department of Pathology, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Rome, Italy;
University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
§
Department of Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family probably play a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. The present study used a systematic approach to analyze how different human leukocyte populations express specific transcripts for the first five characterized TLR family members. TLR1 was expressed in all leukocytes examined, including monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, T and B cells, and NK cells. In contrast TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 were expressed in myelomonocytic elements. Exposure to bacterial products, such as LPS or lipoarabinomannan, or to proinflammatory cytokines increased TLR4 expression in monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, whereas IL-10 blocked this effect. TLR3 was only expressed in human dendritic cells (DC) wherein maturation induced by bacterial products or cytokines was associated with reduced expression. TLR3 mRNA expression was detected by in situ hybridization in DC and lymph nodes. These results demonstrate that TLR1 through TLR5 mRNAs are differentially expressed and regulated in human leukocytes. In particular, expression of TLR3 transcripts is restricted to DC that are the only elements which express the full TLR repertoire. These data suggest that TLR can be classified based on expression pattern as ubiquitous (TLR1), restricted (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in myelomonocytic cells), and specific (TLR3 in DC) molecules.
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M. T. Abreu, M. Fukata, and M. Arditi TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4453 - 4460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. D. Rudd, E. Burstein, C. S. Duckett, X. Li, and N. W. Lukacs Differential Role for TLR3 in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Chemokine Expression J. Virol., March 15, 2005; 79(6): 3350 - 3357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Iizasa, H. Yoneyama, N. Mukaida, Y. Katakoka, M. Naito, N. Yoshida, E. Nakashima, and K. Matsushima Exacerbation of Granuloma Formation in IL-1 Receptor Antagonist-Deficient Mice with Impaired Dendritic Cell Maturation Associated with Th2 Cytokine Production J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3273 - 3280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. H. Yun, A. Lundgren, J. Azem, A. Sjoling, J. Holmgren, A.-M. Svennerholm, and B. S. Lundin Natural Killer Cells and Helicobacter pylori Infection: Bacterial Antigens and Interleukin-12 Act Synergistically To Induce Gamma Interferon Production Infect. Immun., March 1, 2005; 73(3): 1482 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Abe, H. Hemmi, H. Miyamoto, K. Moriishi, S. Tamura, H. Takaku, S. Akira, and Y. Matsuura Involvement of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling Pathway in the Induction of Innate Immunity by Baculovirus J. Virol., March 1, 2005; 79(5): 2847 - 2858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Guillot, R. Le Goffic, S. Bloch, N. Escriou, S. Akira, M. Chignard, and M. Si-Tahar Involvement of Toll-like Receptor 3 in the Immune Response of Lung Epithelial Cells to Double-stranded RNA and Influenza A Virus J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5571 - 5580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Goral and E. J. Kovacs In Vivo Ethanol Exposure Down-Regulates TLR2-, TLR4-, and TLR9-Mediated Macrophage Inflammatory Response by Limiting p38 and ERK1/2 Activation J. Immunol., January 1, 2005; 174(1): 456 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Knapp, S. Gibot, A. de Vos, H. H. Versteeg, M. Colonna, and T. van der Poll Cutting Edge: Expression Patterns of Surface and Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 in Human Endotoxemia J. Immunol., December 15, 2004; 173(12): 7131 - 7134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Pisegna, G. Pirozzi, M. Piccoli, L. Frati, A. Santoni, and G. Palmieri p38 MAPK activation controls the TLR3-mediated up-regulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine production in human NK cells Blood, December 15, 2004; 104(13): 4157 - 4164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nakahara, H. Uchi, K. Urabe, Q. Chen, M. Furue, and Y. Moroi Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase on lipopolysaccharide induced maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells Int. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 16(12): 1701 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. S. Dave, G. Wright, B. Tan, A. Rosenwald, R. D. Gascoyne, W. C. Chan, R. I. Fisher, R. M. Braziel, L. M. Rimsza, T. M. Grogan, et al. Prediction of Survival in Follicular Lymphoma Based on Molecular Features of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells N. Engl. J. Med., November 18, 2004; 351(21): 2159 - 2169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Vulcano, S. Dusi, D. Lissandrini, R. Badolato, P. Mazzi, E. Riboldi, E. Borroni, A. Calleri, M. Donini, A. Plebani, et al. Toll Receptor-Mediated Regulation of NADPH Oxidase in Human Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., November 1, 2004; 173(9): 5749 - 5756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F Y Liew, M Komai-Koma, and D Xu A toll for T cell costimulation Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2004; 63(suppl_2): ii76 - ii78. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Power, J. H. Wang, B. Manning, M. R. Kell, N. F. Aherne, Q. D. Wu, and H. P. Redmond Bacterial Lipoprotein Delays Apoptosis in Human Neutrophils through Inhibition of Caspase-3 Activity: Regulatory Roles for CD14 and TLR-2 J. Immunol., October 15, 2004; 173(8): 5229 - 5237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Falcone, C. Perrotta, C. De Palma, A. Pisconti, C. Sciorati, A. Capobianco, P. Rovere-Querini, A. A. Manfredi, and E. Clementi Activation of Acid Sphingomyelinase and Its Inhibition by the Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Pathway: Key Events in Escherichia coli-Elicited Apoptosis of Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., October 1, 2004; 173(7): 4452 - 4463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nilsen, U. Nonstad, N. Khan, C. F. Knetter, S. Akira, A. Sundan, T. Espevik, and E. Lien Lipopolysaccharide and Double-stranded RNA Up-regulate Toll-like Receptor 2 Independently of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 J. Biol. Chem., September 17, 2004; 279(38): 39727 - 39735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Olson and S. D. Miller Microglia Initiate Central Nervous System Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses through Multiple TLRs J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 3916 - 3924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Chalifour, P. Jeannin, J.-F. Gauchat, A. Blaecke, M. Malissard, T. N'Guyen, N. Thieblemont, and Y. Delneste Direct bacterial protein PAMP recognition by human NK cells involves TLRs and triggers {alpha}-defensin production Blood, September 15, 2004; 104(6): 1778 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Urban, A. Griffith, A. M. Torok, M. E. Smolkin, J. L. Burns, and J. B. Goldberg Contribution of Burkholderia cenocepacia Flagella to Infectivity and Inflammation Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5126 - 5134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Donati, L. P. Zhang, Q. Chen, A. Chene, K. Flick, M. Nystrom, M. Wahlgren, and M. T. Bejarano Identification of a Polyclonal B-Cell Activator in Plasmodium falciparum Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5412 - 5418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Sha, A. Q. Truong-Tran, J. R. Plitt, L. A. Beck, and R. P. Schleimer Activation of Airway Epithelial Cells by Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., September 1, 2004; 31(3): 358 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Dai, N. J. Megjugorac, S. B. Amrute, and P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly Regulation of IFN Regulatory Factor-7 and IFN-{alpha} Production by Enveloped Virus and Lipopolysaccharide in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 1535 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Funami, M. Matsumoto, H. Oshiumi, T. Akazawa, A. Yamamoto, and T. Seya The cytoplasmic 'linker region' in Toll-like receptor 3 controls receptor localization and signaling Int. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 16(8): 1143 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Matsushima, N. Yamada, H. Matsue, and S. Shimada TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR9-Mediated Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines from Murine Connective Tissue Type Skin-Derived Mast Cells but Not from Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells J. Immunol., July 1, 2004; 173(1): 531 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Chang, P. McCluskey, and D. Wakefield Expression of Toll-like Receptor 4 and Its Associated Lipopolysaccharide Receptor Complex by Resident Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Human Uvea Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2004; 45(6): 1871 - 1878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Perrier, F. O. Martinez, M. Locati, G. Bianchi, M. Nebuloni, G. Vago, F. Bazzoni, S. Sozzani, P. Allavena, and A. Mantovani Distinct Transcriptional Programs Activated by Interleukin-10 with or without Lipopolysaccharide in Dendritic Cells: Induction of the B Cell-Activating Chemokine, CXC Chemokine Ligand 13 J. Immunol., June 1, 2004; 172(11): 7031 - 7042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Cisco, Z. Abdel-Wahab, J. Dannull, S. Nair, D. S. Tyler, E. Gilboa, J. Vieweg, Y. Daaka, and S. K. Pruitt Induction of Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Using Transfection with RNA Encoding a Dominant Positive Toll-Like Receptor 4 J. Immunol., June 1, 2004; 172(11): 7162 - 7168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Cohen, J. Morisset, and D. Emilie Induction of Tolerance by Porphyromonas gingivalis on APCs: a Mechanism Implicated in Periodontal Infection Journal of Dental Research, May 1, 2004; 83(5): 429 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Mazzoni and D. M. Segal Controlling the Toll road to dendritic cell polarization J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2004; 75(5): 721 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rouas, P. Lewalle, F. El Ouriaghli, B. Nowak, H. Duvillier, and P. Martiat Poly(I:C) used for human dendritic cell maturation preserves their ability to secondarily secrete bioactive IL-12 Int. Immunol., May 1, 2004; 16(5): 767 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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