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Biotechnology Laboratory and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Changes in macrophage phenotype induced during infection result
from the recognition of bacterial products as well as the action of
bacterial virulence factors. We used the unprecedented opportunity
provided by gene arrays to simultaneously study the expression of
hundreds of genes during Salmonella typhimurium
infection of macrophages and to assess the contribution of the
bacterial virulence factor, LPS, in initiating the host responses to
Salmonella. We found that S. typhimurium
infection caused significant changes in the expression of numerous
genes encoding chemokines, cell surface receptors, signaling molecules,
and transcriptional activators at 4 h postinfection of the RAW
264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Our results revealed changes in the
expression of several genes that had not been previously implicated in
the host responses to S. typhimurium infection, as well
as changes in the expression of several genes previously shown to be
regulated by S. typhimurium infection. An overlapping
spectrum of genes was expressed in response to virulent S.
typhimurium and purified S. typhimurium LPS,
reinforcing the major role of this surface molecule in stimulating the
early response of macrophages to bacterial infection. The macrophage
gene expression profile was further altered by activation with IFN-
,
indicating that host cell responses depend on the activation state of
the cell.
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