| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
In this study, the effect of in vitro endotoxin tolerance on
LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, transcription
factor induction, and cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)
2 and 4 gene expression, as well as the involvement of TNF and IL-1
signaling pathways in tolerance, were examined. Pretreatment of mouse
macrophages with LPS inhibited phosphorylation of the extracellular
signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases, and
p38 kinase; degradation of I-
B
(inhibitory protein that
dissociates from NF-B) and I-Bß; and activation of the
transcription factors NF-B and AP-1 in response to subsequent LPS
stimulation. These changes were accompanied by suppression of
LPS-induced expression of mRNA for GM-CSF, IFN-
-inducible
protein-10, KC, JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,
macrophage-inflammatory protein-1ß, and macrophage-inflammatory
protein-2, with concurrent inhibition of chemokine secretion. In
contrast to control cells, endotoxin-tolerant macrophages exhibited an
increased basal level of TLR2 mRNA, and failed to increase levels of
TLR2 mRNA or to down-regulate TLR4 gene expression upon restimulation
with LPS. As judged by transcription factor activation, LPS and IL-1
were found to induce a state of cross-tolerance against each other,
while no such reciprocal effect was seen for LPS and TNF-. In
addition, macrophages from TNFR I/II double knockout mice were LPS
tolerizable, and blocking of endogenous TNF- with TNFR-Fc fusion
protein did not affect the capacity of LPS to tolerize macrophages.
These data extend our understanding of LPS-signaling mechanisms that
are inhibited in endotoxin-tolerized macrophages and suggest that
endotoxin tolerance might result from impaired expression and/or
functions of common signaling intermediates involved in LPS and IL-1
signaling.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Shea-Donohue, K. Thomas, M. J. Cody, Aiping Zhao, L. J. DeTolla, K. M. Kopydlowski, M. Fukata, S. A. Lira, and S. N. Vogel Mice deficient in the CXCR2 ligand, CXCL1 (KC/GRO-{alpha}), exhibit increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis Innate Immunity, April 1, 2008; 14(2): 117 - 124. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. G. Kim, N.-R. Kim, M. G. Gim, J. M. Lee, S. Y. Lee, M. Y. Ko, J. Y. Kim, S. H. Han, and D. K. Chung Lipoteichoic Acid Isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TNF-{alpha} Production in THP-1 Cells and Endotoxin Shock in Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2008; 180(4): 2553 - 2561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Piao, C. Song, H. Chen, L. M. Wahl, K. A. Fitzgerald, L. A. O'Neill, and A. E. Medvedev Tyrosine Phosphorylation of MyD88 Adapter-like (Mal) Is Critical for Signal Transduction and Blocked in Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., February 8, 2008; 283(6): 3109 - 3119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Watanabe, K Higuchi, A Kobata, H Nishio, T Tanigawa, M Shiba, K Tominaga, Y Fujiwara, N Oshitani, T Asahara, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal damage is Toll-like receptor 4 dependent Gut, February 1, 2008; 57(2): 181 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kumar, L. D. Hazlett, and F.-S. X. Yu Flagellin Suppresses the Inflammatory Response and Enhances Bacterial Clearance in a Murine Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Infect. Immun., January 1, 2008; 76(1): 89 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Chen, M. J. Cowan, J. D. Hasday, S. N. Vogel, and A. E. Medvedev Tobacco Smoking Inhibits Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Activation of IL-1R-Associated Kinase, p38, and NF-{kappa}B in Alveolar Macrophages Stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 Agonists J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 6097 - 6106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Coffey, J. H. Wang, R. Kelly, L. Romics Jr., A. O'Callaghan, C. Fiuza, and H. P. Redmond Tolerization with BLP down-regulates HMGB1 a critical mediator of sepsis-related lethality J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2007; 82(4): 906 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Biswas, P. Bist, M. K. Dhillon, T. Kajiji, C. del Fresno, M. Yamamoto, E. Lopez-Collazo, S. Akira, and V. Tergaonkar Role for MyD88-Independent, TRIF Pathway in Lipid A/TLR4-Induced Endotoxin Tolerance J. Immunol., September 15, 2007; 179(6): 4083 - 4092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Cole, K. A. Shirey, E. Barry, A. Santiago, P. Rallabhandi, K. L. Elkins, A. C. Puche, S. M. Michalek, and S. N. Vogel Toll-Like Receptor 2-Mediated Signaling Requirements for Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Infection of Murine Macrophages Infect. Immun., August 1, 2007; 75(8): 4127 - 4137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. J. Roberts, N. Goutagny, P.-Y. Perera, H. Kato, H. Kumar, T. Kawai, S. Akira, R. Savan, D. van Echo, K. A. Fitzgerald, et al. The chemotherapeutic agent DMXAA potently and specifically activates the TBK1-IRF-3 signaling axis J. Exp. Med., July 9, 2007; 204(7): 1559 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. B. McCall, M. G. Netea, C. C. Hermsen, T. Jansen, L. Jacobs, D. Golenbock, A. J. A. M. van der Ven, and R. W. Sauerwein Plasmodium falciparum Infection Causes Proinflammatory Priming of Human TLR Responses J. Immunol., July 1, 2007; 179(1): 162 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Polumuri, V. Y. Toshchakov, and S. N. Vogel Role of Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase in Transcriptional Regulation of TLR-Induced IL-12 and IL-10 by Fc{gamma} Receptor Ligation in Murine Macrophages J. Immunol., July 1, 2007; 179(1): 236 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Poulaki, E. Iliaki, N. Mitsiades, C. S. Mitsiades, Y. N. Paulus, D. V. Bula, E. S. Gragoudas, and J. W. Miller Inhibition of Hsp90 attenuates inflammation in endotoxin-induced uveitis FASEB J, July 1, 2007; 21(9): 2113 - 2123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Medvedev, W. Piao, J. Shoenfelt, S. H. Rhee, H. Chen, S. Basu, L. M. Wahl, M. J. Fenton, and S. N. Vogel Role of TLR4 Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Signal Transduction and Endotoxin Tolerance J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2007; 282(22): 16042 - 16053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Chang, T. Hampartzoumian, B. Everett, A. Lloyd, P. J. McCluskey, and D. Wakefield Changes in Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4 Expression and Function but Not Polymorphisms Are Associated with Acute Anterior Uveitis Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2007; 48(4): 1711 - 1717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Graveline, M. Segura, D. Radzioch, and M. Gottschalk TLR2-dependent recognition of Streptococcus suis is modulated by the presence of capsular polysaccharide which modifies macrophage responsiveness Int. Immunol., April 1, 2007; 19(4): 375 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Y. Toshchakov, M. J. Fenton, and S. N. Vogel Cutting Edge: Differential Inhibition of TLR Signaling Pathways by Cell-Permeable Peptides Representing BB Loops of TLRs J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 2655 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sun, P. E. Fegan, A. S. Desai, J. L. Madara, and M. E. Hobert Flagellin-induced tolerance of the Toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway in polarized intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): G767 - G778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cuschieri, J. Billigren, and R. V. Maier Endotoxin tolerance attenuates LPS-induced TLR4 mobilization to lipid rafts: a condition reversed by PKC activation J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2006; 80(6): 1289 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Du, F. Zhang, J. E. Capo-Aponte, S. D. Tachado, J. Zhang, F.-S. X. Yu, R. A. Sack, H. Koziel, and P. S. Reinach AsialoGM1-Mediated IL-8 Release by Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Requires Coexpression of TLR5 Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2006; 47(11): 4810 - 4818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. M. Nhu, N. Cuesta, and S. N. Vogel Transcriptional regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in murine macrophages: role of interferon regulatory factors 1 (IRF-1) and 2 (IRF-2) Innate Immunity, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 285 - 295. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Buckley, J. H. Wang, and H. P. Redmond Cellular reprogramming by gram-positive bacterial components: a review J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2006; 80(4): 731 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. T. Aung, K. Schroder, S. R. Himes, K. Brion, W. van Zuylen, A. Trieu, H. Suzuki, Y. Hayashizaki, D. A. Hume, M. J. Sweet, et al. LPS regulates proinflammatory gene expression in macrophages by altering histone deacetylase expression FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1315 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Medvedev, I. Sabroe, J. D. Hasday, and S. N. Vogel Invited review: Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease Innate Immunity, June 1, 2006; 12(3): 133 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Gatti, V. Rivero, R. D. Motrich, and M. Maccioni Prostate epithelial cells can act as early sensors of infection by up-regulating TLR4 expression and proinflammatory mediators upon LPS stimulation J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2006; 79(5): 989 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Z. Q. Wang, N. Wara-Aswapati, J. A. Boch, Y. Yoshida, C.-D. Hu, D. L. Galson, and P. E. Auron TRAF6 activation of PI 3-kinase-dependent cytoskeletal changes is cooperative with Ras and is mediated by an interaction with cytoplasmic Src J. Cell Sci., April 15, 2006; 119(8): 1579 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Li, J. H. Wang, and H. P. Redmond Bacterial lipoprotein-induced self-tolerance and cross-tolerance to LPS are associated with reduced IRAK-1 expression and MyD88-IRAK complex formation J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2006; 79(4): 867 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. F. Liu and A. B. Malik NF-{kappa}B activation as a pathological mechanism of septic shock and inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): L622 - L645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Muthukuru and C. W. Cutler Upregulation of Immunoregulatory Src Homology 2 Molecule Containing Inositol Phosphatase and Mononuclear Cell Hyporesponsiveness in Oral Mucosa during Chronic Periodontitis Infect. Immun., February 1, 2006; 74(2): 1431 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Tsatsanis, A. Androulidaki, T. Alissafi, I. Charalampopoulos, E. Dermitzaki, T. Roger, A. Gravanis, and A. N. Margioris Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and the Urocortins Induce the Expression of TLR4 in Macrophages via Activation of the Transcription Factors PU.1 and AP-1 J. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 176(3): 1869 - 1877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Radon THE TWO SIDES OF THE "ENDOTOXIN COIN" Occup. Environ. Med., January 1, 2006; 63(1): 73 - 78. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Zhou, S.-X. Zheng, W. Tang, P.-L. He, X.-Y. Li, Y.-F. Yang, Y.-C. Li, J.-G. Geng, and J.-P. Zuo Inhibition of Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Expression by (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide in Interferon-{gamma}- and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2006; 316(1): 121 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Parker, E. C. Jones, L. R. Prince, S. K. Dower, M. K. B. Whyte, and I. Sabroe Endotoxin tolerance induces selective alterations in neutrophil function J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1301 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Jiang, R. Sun, H. Wei, and Z. Tian Toll-like receptor 3 ligand attenuates LPS-induced liver injury by down-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression on macrophages PNAS, November 22, 2005; 102(47): 17077 - 17082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-S. Mun, F. Aosai, K. Norose, L.-X. Piao, H. Fang, S. Akira, and A. Yano Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Tolerance in Macrophages Stimulated with Toxoplasma gondii-Derived Heat Shock Protein 70 Infect. Immun., August 1, 2005; 73(8): 4634 - 4642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-Y. Cho, A. E. Jedlicka, R. Clarke, and S. R. Kleeberger Role of Toll-like receptor-4 in genetic susceptibility to lung injury induced by residual oil fly ash Physiol Genomics, June 16, 2005; 22(1): 108 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Methe, J.-O. Kim, S. Kofler, M. Weis, M. Nabauer, and J. Koglin Expansion of Circulating Toll-Like Receptor 4-Positive Monocytes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Circulation, May 24, 2005; 111(20): 2654 - 2661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Dias, M. C. Almeida, E. C. Carnio, and L. G. S. Branco Role of nitric oxide in tolerance to lipopolysaccharide in mice J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1322 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Iizasa, H. Yoneyama, N. Mukaida, Y. Katakoka, M. Naito, N. Yoshida, E. Nakashima, and K. Matsushima Exacerbation of Granuloma Formation in IL-1 Receptor Antagonist-Deficient Mice with Impaired Dendritic Cell Maturation Associated with Th2 Cytokine Production J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3273 - 3280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Cho, T. M. Lasco, S. S. Allen, T. Yoshimura, and D. N. McMurray Recombinant Guinea Pig Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Stimulates the Expression of Interleukin-12 and the Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth in Macrophages Infect. Immun., March 1, 2005; 73(3): 1367 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Muthukuru, R. Jotwani, and C. W. Cutler Oral Mucosal Endotoxin Tolerance Induction in Chronic Periodontitis Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 687 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R.-E.-I. Benhnia, D. Wroblewski, M. N. Akhtar, R. A. Patel, W. Lavezzi, S. C. Gangloff, S. M. Goyert, M. J. Caimano, J. D. Radolf, and T. J. Sellati Signaling through CD14 Attenuates the Inflammatory Response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the Agent of Lyme Disease J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1539 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Grutz New insights into the molecular mechanism of interleukin-10-mediated immunosuppression J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2005; 77(1): 3 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gingras, E. Parganas, A. de Pauw, J. N. Ihle, and P. J. Murray Re-examination of the Role of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 (SOCS1) in the Regulation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 2004; 279(52): 54702 - 54707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Skwor, H. Cho, C. Cassidy, T. Yoshimura, and D. N. McMurray Recombinant guinea pig CCL5 (RANTES) differentially modulates cytokine production in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2004; 76(6): 1229 - 1239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Rossi, G. Muralimohan, J. R. Maxwell, and A. T. Vella Staphylococcal enterotoxins condition cells of the innate immune system for Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation Int. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 16(12): 1751 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Power, Y. Peng, E. Maydanski, J. S. Marshall, and T.-J. Lin The Development of Early Host Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection Is Critically Dependent on Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 in Mice J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 2004; 279(47): 49315 - 49322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. McCoy, S. E. Kurtz, F. A. Hausman, D. R. Trune, R. M. Bennett, and S. H. Hefeneider Activation of RAW264.7 Macrophages by Bacterial DNA and Lipopolysaccharide Increases Cell Surface DNA Binding and Internalization J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17217 - 17223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hongkuan Fan and J. A. Cook Review: Molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance Innate Immunity, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 71 - 84. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kojima, M. W. Musch, M. J. Ropeleski, D. L. Boone, A. Ma, and E. B. Chang Escherichia coli LPS induces heat shock protein 25 in intestinal epithelial cells through MAP kinase activation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): G645 - G652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Murphy, H. M. Paterson, J. A. Mannick, and J. A. Lederer Injury, sepsis, and the regulation of Toll-like receptor responses J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 400 - 407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bafica, C. A. Scanga, O. Equils, and A. Sher The induction of Toll-like receptor tolerance enhances rather than suppresses HIV-1 gene expression in transgenic mice J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 460 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakayama, S. Okugawa, S. Yanagimoto, T. Kitazawa, K. Tsukada, M. Kawada, S. Kimura, K. Hirai, Y. Takagaki, and Y. Ota Involvement of IRAK-M in Peptidoglycan-induced Tolerance in Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., February 20, 2004; 279(8): 6629 - 6634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hajishengallis and R. J. Genco Downregulation of the DNA-Binding Activity of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B p65 Subunit in Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbria-Induced Tolerance Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 1188 - 1191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Burzyn, J. C. Rassa, D. Kim, I. Nepomnaschy, S. R. Ross, and I. Piazzon Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Activation of Dendritic Cells by a Retrovirus J. Virol., January 15, 2004; 78(2): 576 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Oshiumi, M. Sasai, K. Shida, T. Fujita, M. Matsumoto, and T. Seya TIR-containing Adapter Molecule (TICAM)-2, a Bridging Adapter Recruiting to Toll-like Receptor 4 TICAM-1 That Induces Interferon-{beta} J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 2003; 278(50): 49751 - 49762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhang, K. Xu, B. Ambati, and F.-S. X. Yu Toll-like Receptor 5-Mediated Corneal Epithelial Inflammatory Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Flagellin Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2003; 44(10): 4247 - 4254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Medvedev, A. Lentschat, D. B. Kuhns, J. C.G. Blanco, C. Salkowski, S. Zhang, M. Arditi, J. I. Gallin, and S. N. Vogel Distinct Mutations in IRAK-4 Confer Hyporesponsiveness to Lipopolysaccharide and Interleukin-1 in a Patient with Recurrent Bacterial Infections J. Exp. Med., August 18, 2003; 198(4): 521 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ropert, M. Closel, A. C. L. Chaves, and R. T. Gazzinelli Inhibition of a p38/Stress-Activated Protein Kinase-2-Dependent Phosphatase Restores Function of IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase-1 and Reverses Toll-Like Receptor 2- and 4-Dependent Tolerance of Macrophages J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1456 - 1465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Qureshi, P.-Y. Perera, J. Shen, G. Zhang, A. Lenschat, G. Splitter, D. C. Morrison, and S. N. Vogel The Proteasome as a Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Macrophages: Differential Effects of Proteasome Inhibition on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Signaling Events J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1515 - 1525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
