| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Transcriptional Responses Without Inhibiting Activation of STAT11
Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Research Laboratory and Loewenstein Laboratory for Mycobacterial Research, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143
IFN-
activates macrophages to kill diverse intracellular
pathogens, but does not activate human macrophages to kill virulent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We tested the hypothesis
that this is due to inhibition of IFN- signaling by M.
tuberculosis and found that M. tuberculosis
infection of human macrophages blocks several responses to IFN-,
including killing of Toxoplasma gondii and induction of
FcRI. The inhibitory effect of M. tuberculosis is
directed at transcription of IFN--responsive genes, but does not
affect proximal steps in the Janus kinase-STAT pathway, as STAT1
tyrosine and serine phosphorylation, dimerization, nuclear
translocation, and DNA binding are intact in M.
tuberculosis-infected cells. In contrast, there is a marked
decrease in IFN--induced association of STAT1 with the
transcriptional coactivators CREB binding protein and p300 in M.
tuberculosis-infected macrophages, indicating that M.
tuberculosis directly or indirectly disrupts this
protein-protein interaction that is essential for transcriptional
responses to IFN-. Gamma-irradiated M. tuberculosis
and isolated cell walls reproduce the effects of live bacteria,
indicating that the bacterial component(s) that initiates inhibition of
IFN- responses is constitutively expressed. Although
lipoarabinomannan has been found to exert effects on macrophages, it
does not account for the inhibitory effects of cell walls. These
results indicate that one mechanism for M. tuberculosis
to evade the human immune response is to inhibit the IFN- signaling
pathway, and that the mechanism of inhibition is distinct from that
reported for Leishmania donovani or CMV, in that it
targets the interaction of STAT1 with the basal transcriptional
apparatus.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. J. Weiss and C. D. Souza REVIEW PAPER: Modulation of Mononuclear Phagocyte Function by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Vet. Pathol., November 1, 2008; 45(6): 829 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Gallegos, E. G. Pamer, and M. S. Glickman Delayed protection by ESAT-6-specific effector CD4+ T cells after airborne M. tuberculosis infection J. Exp. Med., September 29, 2008; 205(10): 2359 - 2368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Benoit, B. Desnues, and J.-L. Mege Macrophage Polarization in Bacterial Infections J. Immunol., September 15, 2008; 181(6): 3733 - 3739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Wolf, L. Desvignes, B. Linas, N. Banaiee, T. Tamura, K. Takatsu, and J. D. Ernst Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs J. Exp. Med., January 21, 2008; 205(1): 105 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Pennini, Y. Liu, J. Yang, C. M. Croniger, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein beta and {delta} Binding to CIITA Promoters Is Associated with the Inhibition of CIITA Expression in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein J. Immunol., November 15, 2007; 179(10): 6910 - 6918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Z. Kincaid, A. J. Wolf, L. Desvignes, S. Mahapatra, D. C. Crick, P. J. Brennan, M. S. Pavelka Jr., and J. D. Ernst Codominance of TLR2-Dependent and TLR2-Independent Modulation of MHC Class II in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection In Vivo J. Immunol., September 1, 2007; 179(5): 3187 - 3195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Singhal, A. Jaiswal, V. K. Arora, and H. K. Prasad Modulation of Gamma Interferon Receptor 1 by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Potential Immune Response Evasive Mechanism Infect. Immun., May 1, 2007; 75(5): 2500 - 2510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Stanley, J. E. Johndrow, P. Manzanillo, and J. S. Cox The Type I IFN Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Requires ESX-1-Mediated Secretion and Contributes to Pathogenesis J. Immunol., March 1, 2007; 178(5): 3143 - 3152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ragas, L. Roussel, G. Puzo, and M. Riviere The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell-surface Glycoprotein Apa as a Potential Adhesin to Colonize Target Cells via the Innate Immune System Pulmonary C-type Lectin Surfactant Protein A J. Biol. Chem., February 23, 2007; 282(8): 5133 - 5142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Humann, R. Bjordahl, K. Andreasen, and L. L. Lenz Expression of the p60 Autolysin Enhances NK Cell Activation and Is Required for Listeria monocytogenes Expansion in IFN-{gamma}-Responsive Mice J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2407 - 2414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sahiratmadja, B. Alisjahbana, T. de Boer, I. Adnan, A. Maya, H. Danusantoso, R. H. H. Nelwan, S. Marzuki, J. W. M. van der Meer, R. van Crevel, et al. Dynamic Changes in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles and Gamma Interferon Receptor Signaling Integrity Correlate with Tuberculosis Disease Activity and Response to Curative Treatment Infect. Immun., February 1, 2007; 75(2): 820 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Cooke, S. J. Campbell, J. Sillah, P. Gustafson, B. Bah, G. Sirugo, S. Bennett, K. P. W. J. McAdam, O. Sow, C. Lienhardt, et al. Polymorphism within the Interferon-{gamma}/Receptor Complex Is Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2006; 174(3): 339 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M Nepal, S. Mampe, B. Shaffer, A. H Erickson, and P. Bryant Cathepsin L maturation and activity is impaired in macrophages harboring M. avium and M. tuberculosis Int. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 18(6): 931 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Rothfuchs, C. Trumstedt, F. Mattei, G. Schiavoni, A. Hidmark, H. Wigzell, and M. E. Rottenberg STAT1 Regulates IFN-{alpha}beta- and IFN-{gamma}-Dependent Control of Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae by Nonhemopoietic Cells. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6982 - 6990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sharma, M. Gupta, M. Pathak, N. Gupta, A. Koul, S. Sarangi, R. Baweja, and Y. Singh Transcriptional Control of the Mycobacterial embCAB Operon by PknH through a Regulatory Protein, EmbR, In Vivo. J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2006; 188(8): 2936 - 2944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Pennini, R. K. Pai, D. C. Schultz, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein Inhibits IFN-{gamma}-Induced Chromatin Remodeling of MHC2TA by TLR2 and MAPK Signaling J. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 176(7): 4323 - 4330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Jandu, P. J. M. Ceponis, S. Kato, J. D. Riff, D. M. McKay, and P. M. Sherman Conditioned Medium from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-Infected T84 Cells Inhibits Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Activation by Gamma Interferon Infect. Immun., March 1, 2006; 74(3): 1809 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Banaiee, E. Z. Kincaid, U. Buchwald, W. R. Jacobs Jr., and J. D. Ernst Potent Inhibition of Macrophage Responses to IFN-{gamma} by Live Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Independent of Mature Mycobacterial Lipoproteins but Dependent on TLR2. J. Immunol., March 1, 2006; 176(5): 3019 - 3027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. A. W. Verreck, T. de Boer, D. M. L. Langenberg, L. van der Zanden, and T. H. M. Ottenhoff Phenotypic and functional profiling of human proinflammatory type-1 and anti-inflammatory type-2 macrophages in response to microbial antigens and IFN-{gamma}- and CD40L-mediated costimulation J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2006; 79(2): 285 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhang, K. Takami, M. S. Lo, G. Huang, Q. Yu, W. T. Roswit, and M. J. Holtzman Modification of the Stat1 SH2 Domain Broadly Improves Interferon Efficacy in Proportion to p300/CREB-binding Protein Coactivator Recruitment J. Biol. Chem., October 7, 2005; 280(40): 34306 - 34315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Doherty and P. Andersen Vaccines for Tuberculosis: Novel Concepts and Recent Progress Clin. Microbiol. Rev., October 1, 2005; 18(4): 687 - 702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Oliaro, S. Dudal, J. Liautard, J.-B. Andrault, J.-P. Liautard, and V. Lafont V{gamma}9V{delta}2 T cells use a combination of mechanisms to limit the spread of the pathogenic bacteria Brucella J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 77(5): 652 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wang, H. M. Curry, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse Mycobacteria Inhibition of IFN-{gamma} Induced HLA-DR Gene Expression by Up-Regulating Histone Deacetylation at the Promoter Region in Human THP-1 Monocytic Cells J. Immunol., May 1, 2005; 174(9): 5687 - 5694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Wagner, J. Maser, B. Lai, Z. Cai, C. E. Barry III, K. Honer zu Bentrup, D. G. Russell, and L. E. Bermudez Elemental Analysis of Mycobacterium avium-, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, and Mycobacterium smegmatis-Containing Phagosomes Indicates Pathogen-Induced Microenvironments within the Host Cell's Endosomal System J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1491 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Prabhakar, Y. Qiao, A. Canova, D. B. Tse, and R. Pine IFN-{alpha}{beta} Secreted during Infection Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Negative Feedback Regulation of IFN-{alpha}{beta} Signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosis J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 1003 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Thomas, S. Samanta, C. Wu, N. Berliner, and E. Fikrig Anaplasma phagocytophilum Modulates gp91phox Gene Expression through Altered Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 and PU.1 Levels and Binding of CCAAT Displacement Protein Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 208 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zheng, M. He, M. Long, R. Blomgran, and O. Stendahl Pathogen-Induced Apoptotic Neutrophils Express Heat Shock Proteins and Elicit Activation of Human Macrophages J. Immunol., November 15, 2004; 173(10): 6319 - 6326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Pai, M. E. Pennini, A. A. R. Tobian, D. H. Canaday, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Prolonged Toll-Like Receptor Signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Inhibits Gamma Interferon-Induced Regulation of Selected Genes in Macrophages Infect. Immun., November 1, 2004; 72(11): 6603 - 6614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Quiroga, G. J. Martinez, V. Pasquinelli, M. A. Costas, M. M. Bracco, A. Malbran, L. M. Olivares, P. A. Sieling, and V. E. Garcia Activation of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Triggers a Signaling Cascade That Enhances Th1 Responses in Human Intracellular Infection J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 4120 - 4129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. B. Hisert, M. A. Kirksey, J. E. Gomez, A. O. Sousa, J. S. Cox, W. R. Jacobs Jr., C. F. Nathan, and J. D. McKinney Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Counterimmune (cim) Mutants in Immunodeficient Mice by Differential Screening Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5315 - 5321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Gehring, K. M. Dobos, J. T. Belisle, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom Mycobacterium tuberculosis LprG (Rv1411c): A Novel TLR-2 Ligand That Inhibits Human Macrophage Class II MHC Antigen Processing J. Immunol., August 15, 2004; 173(4): 2660 - 2668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Hagge, N. A. Ray, J. L. Krahenbuhl, and L. B. Adams An In Vitro Model for the Lepromatous Leprosy Granuloma: Fate of Mycobacterium leprae from Target Macrophages after Interaction with Normal and Activated Effector Macrophages J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7771 - 7779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Fortune, A. Solache, A. Jaeger, P. J. Hill, J. T. Belisle, B. R. Bloom, E. J. Rubin, and J. D. Ernst Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Macrophage Responses to IFN-{gamma} through Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms J. Immunol., May 15, 2004; 172(10): 6272 - 6280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Khalifeh and J. R. Stabel Effects of Gamma Interferon, Interleukin-10, and Transforming Growth Factor {beta} on the Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages from Naturally Infected Cattle Infect. Immun., April 1, 2004; 72(4): 1974 - 1982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Fulton, S. M. Reba, R. K. Pai, M. Pennini, M. Torres, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom Inhibition of Major Histocompatibility Complex II Expression and Antigen Processing in Murine Alveolar Macrophages by Mycobacterium bovis BCG and the 19-Kilodalton Mycobacterial Lipoprotein Infect. Immun., April 1, 2004; 72(4): 2101 - 2110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A A Awomoyi, S Nejentsev, A Richardson, J Hull, O Koch, M Podinovskaia, J A Todd, K P W J McAdam, J M Blackwell, D Kwiatkowski, et al. No association between interferon-{gamma} receptor-1 gene polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis in a Gambian population sample Thorax, April 1, 2004; 59(4): 291 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. A. W. Verreck, T. de Boer, D. M. L. Langenberg, M. A. Hoeve, M. Kramer, E. Vaisberg, R. Kastelein, A. Kolk, R. de Waal-Malefyt, and T. H. M. Ottenhoff Human IL-23-producing type 1 macrophages promote but IL-10-producing type 2 macrophages subvert immunity to (myco)bacteria PNAS, March 30, 2004; 101(13): 4560 - 4565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Gold, Y. Hoshino, S. Hoshino, M. B. Jones, A. Nolan, and M. D. Weiden Exogenous Gamma and Alpha/Beta Interferon Rescues Human Macrophages from Cell Death Induced by Bacillus anthracis Infect. Immun., March 1, 2004; 72(3): 1291 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Qiao, S. Prabhakar, A. Canova, Y. Hoshino, M. Weiden, and R. Pine Posttranscriptional Inhibition of Gene Expression by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Offsets Transcriptional Synergism with IFN-{gamma} and Posttranscriptional Up-Regulation by IFN-{gamma} J. Immunol., March 1, 2004; 172(5): 2935 - 2943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. Alvarez, B. S. Zwilling, and W. P. Lafuse Mycobacterium avium Inhibition of IFN-{gamma} Signaling in Mouse Macrophages: Toll-Like Receptor 2 Stimulation Increases Expression of Dominant-Negative STAT1{beta} by mRNA Stabilization J. Immunol., December 15, 2003; 171(12): 6766 - 6773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Spira, J. D. Carroll, G. Liu, Z. Aziz, V. Shah, H. Kornfeld, and J. Keane Apoptosis Genes in Human Alveolar Macrophages Infected with Virulent or Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Pivotal Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., November 1, 2003; 29(5): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Cowley and K. L. Elkins CD4+ T Cells Mediate IFN-{gamma}-Independent Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Both In Vitro and In Vivo J. Immunol., November 1, 2003; 171(9): 4689 - 4699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Nagabhushanam, A. Solache, L.-M. Ting, C. J. Escaron, J. Y. Zhang, and J. D. Ernst Innate Inhibition of Adaptive Immunity: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced IL-6 Inhibits Macrophage Responses to IFN-{gamma} J. Immunol., November 1, 2003; 171(9): 4750 - 4757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. C. Gencay, M. Tamm, A. Glanville, A. P. Perruchoud, and M. Roth Chlamydia pneumoniae Activates Epithelial Cell Proliferation via NF-{kappa}B and the Glucocorticoid Receptor Infect. Immun., October 1, 2003; 71(10): 5814 - 5822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gonzalez-Juarrero, T. S. Shim, A. Kipnis, A. P. Junqueira-Kipnis, and I. M. Orme Dynamics of Macrophage Cell Populations During Murine Pulmonary Tuberculosis J. Immunol., September 15, 2003; 171(6): 3128 - 3135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Z. Kincaid and J. D. Ernst Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exerts Gene-Selective Inhibition of Transcriptional Responses to IFN-{gamma} Without Inhibiting STAT1 Function J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 2042 - 2049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Gehring, R. E. Rojas, D. H. Canaday, D. L. Lakey, C. V. Harding, and W. H. Boom The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-Kilodalton Lipoprotein Inhibits Gamma Interferon-Regulated HLA-DR and Fc{gamma}R1 on Human Macrophages through Toll-Like Receptor 2 Infect. Immun., August 1, 2003; 71(8): 4487 - 4497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. R. Tobian, N. S. Potter, L. Ramachandra, R. K. Pai, M. Convery, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Alternate Class I MHC Antigen Processing Is Inhibited by Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns: Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa Lipoprotein, CpG DNA, and Lipopolysaccharide J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1413 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Coller, J. M. Mansfield, and D. M. Paulnock Glycosylinositolphosphate Soluble Variant Surface Glycoprotein Inhibits IFN-{gamma}-Induced Nitric Oxide Production Via Reduction in STAT1 Phosphorylation in African Trypanosomiasis J. Immunol., August 1, 2003; 171(3): 1466 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Pai, M. Convery, T. A. Hamilton, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Inhibition of IFN-{gamma}-Induced Class II Transactivator Expression by a 19-kDa Lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Potential Mechanism for Immune Evasion J. Immunol., July 1, 2003; 171(1): 175 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gross, M. Bouaboula, P. Casellas, J.-P. Liautard, and J. Dornand Subversion and Utilization of the Host Cell Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A Pathway by Brucella During Macrophage Infection J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5607 - 5614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Prabhakar, Y. Qiao, Y. Hoshino, M. Weiden, A. Canova, E. Giacomini, E. Coccia, and R. Pine Inhibition of Response to Alpha Interferon by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infect. Immun., May 1, 2003; 71(5): 2487 - 2497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kumar, R. R. Amara, V. K. Challu, V. K. Chadda, and V. Satchidanandam The Apa Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Stimulates Gamma Interferon-Secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells from Purified Protein Derivative-Positive Individuals and Affords Protection in a Guinea Pig Model Infect. Immun., April 1, 2003; 71(4): 1929 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Condos, B. Raju, A. Canova, B.-Y. Zhao, M. Weiden, W. N. Rom, and R. Pine Recombinant Gamma Interferon Stimulates Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in Alveolar Macrophages In Vitro and in Tuberculosis Patients Infect. Immun., April 1, 2003; 71(4): 2058 - 2064. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-Y. Gao, R. Groger, J. S. Cox, S. M. Beverley, E. H. Lawson, and E. J. Brown Transposon Mutagenesis of Mycobacterium marinum Identifies a Locus Linking Pigmentation and Intracellular Survival Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 922 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Mosser The many faces of macrophage activation J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 73(2): 209 - 212. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jeevan, T. Yoshimura, K. E. Lee, and D. N. McMurray Differential Expression of Gamma Interferon mRNA Induced by Attenuated and Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Guinea Pig Cells after Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccination Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 354 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Greenwell-Wild, N. Vazquez, D. Sim, M. Schito, D. Chatterjee, J. M. Orenstein, and S. M. Wahl Mycobacterium avium Infection and Modulation of Human Macrophage Gene Expression J. Immunol., December 1, 2002; 169(11): 6286 - 6297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Scott, C. J. Godshall, and W. G. Cheadle Jaks, STATs, Cytokines, and Sepsis |
