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,§
,§
Departments of
*
Medicine,
Pathology, and
Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78284;
§
South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78284; and
¶
Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, TX 78236
Infections with intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania
donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis pose
serious health problems worldwide. Effective vaccines for these
pathogens are not available. Furthermore, despite optimal therapy,
disease progression is often seen with several intracellular
infections. For these reasons, we initiated studies to develop novel
anti-infective vaccine and treatment strategies that couple the
potent Ag-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DC) with paracrine
delivery of potent anti-infective cytokines such as IL-12 to local
immune response sites. We tested this strategy in a murine model of
visceral leishmaniasis. Adoptive transfer of DCs pulsed ex vivo with
soluble L. donovani Ags (SLDA) to naive mice induced the
Ag-specific production of IFN-
, and increased the percentage of
activation markers on spleen lymphocytes. SLDA-pulsed DCs engineered by
retroviral gene transfer techniques to secrete high levels of
biologically active murine IL-12 augmented this immune response
further. In several different vaccination and immunotherapy protocols,
compared with sham-treated mice, animals receiving SLDA-pulsed DCs
either before or following infection had 13 log lower parasite
burdens, and this protection was associated with a pronounced
enhancement in the parasite-specific IFN-
response. The augmentation
of this protection by IL-12-engineered DCs was striking. First, live
parasites were not detected in the liver of mice vaccinated with
IL-12-transduced, SLDA-pulsed DCs. Second, this parasitological
response was associated with a nearly normal liver histology. In
contrast, parasites and granulomas were found in mice vaccinated with
SLDA-pulsed, nontransduced DCs. Collectively, these studies provide the
rationale for the development of potent DC-based
immunotherapies.
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