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Generation of Nitric Oxide by the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects T Cells from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Apoptosis¹

Clara Sciorati^2,, Patrizia Rovere^2,*, Marina Ferrarini^*, Clara Paolucci, Silvia Heltai^*, Roberto Vaiani, Emilio Clementi^, and Angelo A. Manfredi^3,*

^* Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Receptor Biochemistry Unit, DIBIT, and Laboratory of Microbiology, Scientific Institute H. S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy; and Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy

T cells are early recruited into mycobacterial lesions. Upon microbial Ag recognition, cells secrete cytokines and chemokines and undergo apoptosis via CD95/CD95 ligand (CD95L) interaction, possibly influencing the outcome of infection and the characteristics of the disease. In this paper we show that activated phagocytes acquire, upon challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the ability to inhibit M. tuberculosis-induced cell apoptosis. Apoptosis protection was due to NO because it correlated with NO synthase (NOS)-2 induction and activity in scavenger cells and was abrogated by NOS inhibitors. Furthermore, the NO donor S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine mimicked the effect of enzyme induction. NO left unaffected the expression of CD95 and CD95L, suggesting interference with an event ensuing CD95/CD95L interaction. NO was found to interfere with the intracellular accumulation of ceramide and the activation of caspases, which were involved in T cells apoptosis after M. tuberculosis recognition. We propose that NO generated by infected macrophages determines the life span and therefore the function of lymphocytes at the infection site, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity.

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