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1



*
Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ 07059; and
Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
TNF-
mediates both protective and detrimental manifestations of
the host immune response. Our previous work has shown thalidomide to be
a relatively selective inhibitor of TNF-
production in vivo and in
vitro. Additionally, we have recently reported that thalidomide exerts
a costimulatory effect on T cell responses. To develop thalidomide
analogues with increased anti-TNF-
activity and reduced or
absent toxicities, novel TNF-
inhibitors were designed and
synthesized. When a selected group of these compounds was examined for
their immunomodulatory activities, different patterns of cytokine
modulation were revealed. The tested compounds segregated into two
distinct classes: one class of compounds, shown to be potent
phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, inhibited TNF-
production, increased
IL-10 production by LPS-induced PBMC, and had little effect on T cell
activation; the other class of compounds, similar to thalidomide, were
not phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and markedly stimulated T cell
proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-
production. These compounds
inhibited TNF-
, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and greatly increased IL-10
production by LPS-induced PBMC. Similar to thalidomide, the effect of
these agents on IL-12 production was dichotomous; IL-12 was inhibited
when PBMC were stimulated with LPS but increased when cells were
stimulated by cross-linking the TCR. The latter effect was associated
with increased T cell CD40 ligand expression. The distinct
immunomodulatory activities of these classes of thalidomide analogues
may potentially allow them to be used in the clinic for the treatment
of different immunopathological disorders.
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