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*
Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
Understanding immune mechanisms influencing cancer regression,
recurrence, and metastasis may be critical to developing effective
immunotherapy. Using a tumor expressing HIV gp160 as a model viral
tumor Ag, we found a growth-regression-recurrence pattern, and used
this to investigate mechanisms of immunosurveillance. Regression was
dependent on CD8 T cells, and recurrent tumors were resistant to CTL,
had substantially reduced expression of epitope mRNA, but retained the
gp160 gene, MHC, and processing apparatus. Increasing CTL numbers by
advance priming with vaccinia virus expressing gp160 prevented only the
initial tumor growth but not the later appearance of escape variants.
Unexpectedly, CD4 cell depletion protected mice from tumor recurrence,
whereas IL-4 knockout mice, deficient in Th2 cells, did not show this
protection, and IFN-
knockout mice were more susceptible. Purified
CD8 T cells from CD4-depleted mice following tumor regression had more
IFN-
mRNA and lysed tumor cells without stimulation ex vivo, in
contrast to CD4-intact mice. Thus, the quality as well as quantity of
CD8+ CTL determines the completeness of immunosurveillance
and is controlled by CD4 T cells but not solely Th2 cytokines. This
model of immunosurveillance may indicate ways to enhance the efficacy
of surveillance and improve immunotherapy.
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