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CUTTING EDGE |
*
Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118;
Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwest Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary, IN 46408
Invasive infection with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
often results in septic shock and death. The basis for the earliest
steps in innate immune response to Gram-positive bacterial infection is
poorly understood. The LPS component of the Gram-negative bacterial
cell wall appears to activate cells via CD14 and Toll-like receptor
(TLR) 2 and TLR4. We hypothesized that Gram-positive bacteria might
also be recognized by TLRs. Heterologous expression of human TLR2, but
not TLR4, in fibroblasts conferred responsiveness to
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pneumoniae as evidenced by inducible translocation of NF-
B.
CD14 coexpression synergistically enhanced TLR2-mediated activation. To
determine which components of Gram-positive cell walls activate Toll
proteins, we tested a soluble preparation of peptidoglycan
prepared from S. aureus. Soluble peptidoglycan
substituted for whole organisms. These data suggest that the similarity
of clinical response to invasive infection by Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria is due to bacterial recognition via similar
TLRs.
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S. Lehnardt, P. Henneke, E. Lien, D. L. Kasper, J. J. Volpe, I. Bechmann, R. Nitsch, J. R. Weber, D. T. Golenbock, and T. Vartanian A Mechanism for Neurodegeneration Induced by Group B Streptococci through Activation of the TLR2/MyD88 Pathway in Microglia J. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 177(1): 583 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Mold and T. W. Du Clos C-Reactive Protein Increases Cytokine Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae through Interactions with Fc{gamma} Receptors. J. Immunol., June 15, 2006; 176(12): 7598 - 7604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Henneke and R. Berner Interaction of neonatal phagocytes with group B streptococcus: recognition and response. Infect. Immun., June 1, 2006; 74(6): 3085 - 3095. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. Cole, K. L. Elkins, S. M. Michalek, N. Qureshi, L. J. Eaton, P. Rallabhandi, N. Cuesta, and S. N. Vogel Immunologic Consequences of Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Infection: Role of the Innate Immune Response in Infection and Immunity. J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6888 - 6899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Fang, L. Xu, T. Y. Chen, J. M. Cyr, and D. M. Frucht Anthrax Lethal Toxin Has Direct and Potent Inhibitory Effects on B Cell Proliferation and Immunoglobulin Production J. Immunol., May 15, 2006; 176(10): 6155 - 6161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Lindemans, P. J. Coffer, I. M. M. Schellens, P. M. A. de Graaff, J. L. L. Kimpen, and L. Koenderman Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibits Granulocyte Apoptosis through a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and NF-{kappa}B-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., May 1, 2006; 176(9): 5529 - 5537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Hasty, S. Meron-Sudai, K. H. Cox, T. Nagorna, E. Ruiz-Bustos, E. Losi, H. S. Courtney, E. A. Mahrous, R. Lee, and I. Ofek Monocyte and Macrophage Activation by Lipoteichoic Acid Is Independent of Alanine and Is Potentiated by Hemoglobin J. Immunol., May 1, 2006; 176(9): 5567 - 5576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Buwitt-Beckmann, H. Heine, K.-H. Wiesmuller, G. Jung, R. Brock, S. Akira, and A. J. Ulmer TLR1- and TLR6-independent Recognition of Bacterial Lipopeptides J. Biol. Chem., April 7, 2006; 281(14): 9049 - 9057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Traub, S. von Aulock, T. Hartung, and C. Hermann Invited review: MDP and other muropeptides direct and synergistic effects on the immune system Innate Immunity, April 1, 2006; 12(2): 69 - 85. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 F.-S. X. Yu and L. D. Hazlett Toll-like Receptors and the Eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2006; 47(4): 1255 - 1263. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Schmeck, S. Huber, K. Moog, J. Zahlten, A. C. Hocke, B. Opitz, S. Hammerschmidt, T. J. Mitchell, M. Kracht, S. Rosseau, et al. Pneumococci induced TLR- and Rac1-dependent NF-{kappa}B-recruitment to the IL-8 promoter in lung epithelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): L730 - L737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. LeBouder, J. E. Rey-Nores, A.-C. Raby, M. Affolter, K. Vidal, C. A. Thornton, and M. O. Labeta Modulation of Neonatal Microbial Recognition: TLR-Mediated Innate Immune Responses Are Specifically and Differentially Modulated by Human Milk J. Immunol., March 15, 2006; 176(6): 3742 - 3752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. K. Paterson and T. J. Mitchell Innate immunity and the pneumococcus Microbiology, February 1, 2006; 152(2): 285 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tada, S. Aiba, K.-I. Shibata, T. Ohteki, and H. Takada Synergistic Effect of Nod1 and Nod2 Agonists with Toll-Like Receptor Agonists on Human Dendritic Cells To Generate Interleukin-12 and T Helper Type 1 Cells Infect. Immun., December 1, 2005; 73(12): 7967 - 7976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wang, D. Gupta, X. Li, and R. Dziarski Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-Ala Amidase) Is Induced in Keratinocytes by Bacteria through the p38 Kinase Pathway Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7216 - 7225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kielian, A. Haney, P. M. Mayes, S. Garg, and N. Esen Toll-Like Receptor 2 Modulates the Proinflammatory Milieu in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Brain Abscess Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7428 - 7435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Hadley, J. E. Wang, S. J. Foster, C. Thiemermann, and C. J. Hinds Peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus Upregulates Monocyte Expression of CD14, Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 in Human Blood: Possible Implications for Priming of Lipopolysaccharide Signaling Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7613 - 7619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. C. van Rossum, E. S. Lysenko, and J. N. Weiser Host and Bacterial Factors Contributing to the Clearance of Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Murine Model Infect. Immun., November 1, 2005; 73(11): 7718 - 7726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Luxameechanporn, V. Kirtsreesakul, J. Klemens, P. Khoury, K. Thompson, and R. M. Naclerio Evaluation of Importance of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Sinusitis in Mice Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, November 1, 2005; 131(11): 1001 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Srivastava, P. Henneke, A. Visintin, S. C. Morse, V. Martin, C. Watkins, J. C. Paton, M. R. Wessels, D. T. Golenbock, and R. Malley The Apoptotic Response to Pneumolysin Is Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dependent and Protects against Pneumococcal Disease Infect. Immun., October 1, 2005; 73(10): 6479 - 6487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Dziarski and D. Gupta Peptidoglycan recognition in innate immunity Innate Immunity, October 1, 2005; 11(5): 304 - 310. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. Echchannaoui, K. Frei, M. Letiembre, R. M. Strieter, Y. Adachi, and R. Landmann CD14 deficiency leads to increased MIP-2 production, CXCR2 expression, neutrophil transmigration, and early death in pneumococcal infection J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2005; 78(3): 705 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. D. Salazar, P. de la Rosa, J. B. Barnett, and R. Schafer The Polysaccharide Antibody Response after Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccination Is Differentially Enhanced or Suppressed by 3,4-Dichloropropionanilide and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2005; 87(1): 123 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Brun, I. Castagliuolo, M. Pinzani, G. Palu, and D. Martines Exposure to bacterial cell wall products triggers an inflammatory phenotype in hepatic stellate cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): G571 - G578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. P Miech Pathophysiology of Mifepristone-Induced Septic Shock Due to Clostridium sordellii Ann. Pharmacother., September 1, 2005; 39(9): 1483 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Dziarski and D. Gupta Staphylococcus aureus Peptidoglycan Is a Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activator: a Reevaluation Infect. Immun., August 1, 2005; 73(8): 5212 - 5216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Roura-Mir, L. Wang, T.-Y. Cheng, I. Matsunaga, C. C. Dascher, S. L. Peng, M. J. Fenton, C. Kirschning, and D. B. Moody Mycobacterium tuberculosis Regulates CD1 Antigen Presentation Pathways through TLR-2 J. Immunol., August 1, 2005; 175(3): 1758 - 1766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Fan, B. Zingarelli, O. M. Peck, G. Teti, G. E. Tempel, P. V. Halushka, and J. A. Cook Lipopolysaccharide- and gram-positive bacteria-induced cellular inflammatory responses: role of heterotrimeric G{alpha}i proteins Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): C293 - C301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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