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Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
The inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is used for
protection against poliomyelitis in The Netherlands. It is not clear,
however, whether IPV vaccination can lead to priming of the mucosal
immune system and the induction of IgA. It has been demonstrated that
IPV vaccination is able to induce strong memory IgA responses in the
serum of persons who have been naturally exposed to wild-type
poliovirus. This has led to the hypothesis that IPV vaccination is able
to induce poliovirus-specific IgA at mucosal sites in persons who have
been previously primed with live poliovirus at mucosal sites. To test
this hypothesis, the kinetics of the IgA response in serum and saliva
after IPV vaccination were examined in persons previously vaccinated
with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) or IPV. ELISA and enzyme-linked
immunospot assays were used for the detection of poliovirus-specific
IgA responses. In addition, B cell populations were separated on the
basis of the expression of mucosal (
4ß7 integrin) and peripheral
homing receptors (L-selectin). Parenteral IPV vaccination was able to
boost systemic and mucosal IgA responses in previously OPV-vaccinated
persons only. None of the previously vaccinated IPV recipients
responded with the production of IgA in saliva. In agreement with this
finding, a large percentage of the poliovirus-specific IgA-producing
lymphocytes detected in previous OPV recipients expressed the 4ß7
integrin. It is concluded that IPV vaccination alone is insufficient to
induce a mucosal IgA response against poliovirus. In mucosally (OPV-)
primed individuals, however, booster vaccination with IPV leads to a
strong mucosal IgA response.
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