| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
, ß, 
, and 
in Inflammatory Cell Lineages
Department of Biology, Amgen, Boulder, CO 80301
Four p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38
, ß, 
, 
)
have been described. To understand the role of p38 family members in
inflammation, we determined their relative expression in cells that
participate in the inflammatory process. Expression was measured at the
level of mRNA by reverse-transcriptase PCR and protein by Western blot
analysis. p38 was the dominant form of p38 in monocytes; expression
of p38 was low and p38ß was undetected. In macrophages, p38 and
p38 were abundant, but p38ß was undetected. p38 and p38 were
also expressed by neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, and
endothelial cells. Again, p38ß was not detected in neutrophils,
although low amounts were present in CD4+ T cells. In
contrast, p38ß was abundant in endothelial cells. p38 protein was
not detected in any cell type, although p38 mRNA was present in
endothelial cells. Immunokinase assays showed a strong activation of
p38 and a lesser activation of p38 in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
Abs specific for mono- and dual-phophorylated forms of p38 suggested
that LPS induces dual phosphorylation of p38, but primarily
mono-phosphorylation of p38. IL-1ß activated p38 and p38ß in
endothelial cells. However, p38 was the more activated form based on
kinase assays and phosphorylation analysis. Expression and activation
patterns of p38 in macrophages and endothelial cells suggest that
p38 plays a major role in the inflammatory response. Additional
studies will be needed to define the contribution of p38 to
macrophage, neutrophil, and T cell functions, and of p38ß to
signaling in endothelial cells and T cells.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. J. Hill, K. Dabbagh, D. Phippard, C. Li, R. T. Suttmann, M. Welch, E. Papp, K. W. Song, K.-c. Chang, D. Leaffer, et al. Pamapimod, a Novel p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor: Preclinical Analysis of Efficacy and Selectivity J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2008; 327(3): 610 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Schett, J Zwerina, and G Firestein The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2008; 67(7): 909 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sebe, S.-K. Leivonen, A. Fintha, A. Masszi, L. Rosivall, V.-M. Kahari, and I. Mucsi Transforming growth factor-{beta}-induced alpha-smooth muscle cell actin expression in renal proximal tubular cells is regulated by p38{beta} mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1,2 and the Smad signalling during epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2008; 23(5): 1537 - 1545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K Polzer, A Soleiman, W Baum, R Axmann, J Distler, K Redlich, A Kilian, G Kronke, G Schett, and J Zwerina Selective p38MAPK isoform expression and activation in antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis: role of p38MAPK{alpha} Ann Rheum Dis, May 1, 2008; 67(5): 602 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-R. Ki, H.-R. Lee, M.-J. Goo, I.-H. Hong, S.-H. Do, D.-H. Jeong, H.-J. Yang, D.-W. Yuan, J.-K. Park, and K.-S. Jeong Differential regulation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases in VacA-induced apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): G635 - G647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Renda, S. Baraldo, G. Pelaia, E. Bazzan, G. Turato, A. Papi, P. Maestrelli, R. Maselli, A. Vatrella, L. M. Fabbri, et al. Increased activation of p38 MAPK in COPD Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2008; 31(1): 62 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Romano, K. Magalon, M. Pertuit, R. Rasolonjanahary, A. Barlier, A. Enjalbert, and C. Gerard Conditional Overexpression of the Wild-Type Gs{alpha} as the gsp Oncogene Initiates Chronic Extracellularly Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activation and Hormone Hypersecretion in Pituitary Cell Lines Endocrinology, June 1, 2007; 148(6): 2973 - 2983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Matsuo, S. Amano, M. Furuya, K. Namiki, K. Sakurai, M. Nishiyama, T. Sudo, K. Tatsumi, T. Kuriyama, S. Kimura, et al. Involvement of p38{alpha} Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Lung Metastasis of Tumor Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 1, 2006; 281(48): 36767 - 36775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. E. Perchonock, M. C. Fernando, W. J. Quinn III, C. T. Nguyen, J. Sun, M. J. Shapiro, and V. S. Shapiro Negative Regulation of Interleukin-2 and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase during T-Cell Activation by the Adaptor ALX. Mol. Cell. Biol., August 1, 2006; 26(16): 6005 - 6015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Medicherla, J. Y. Ma, R. Mangadu, Y. Jiang, J. J. Zhao, R. Almirez, I. Kerr, E. G. Stebbins, G. O'Young, A. M. Kapoun, et al. A Selective p38{alpha} Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Reverses Cartilage and Bone Destruction in Mice with Collagen-Induced Arthritis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2006; 318(1): 132 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. D. N'Guessan, S. Hippenstiel, M. O. Etouem, J. Zahlten, W. Beermann, D. Lindner, B. Opitz, M. Witzenrath, S. Rosseau, N. Suttorp, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae induced p38 MAPK- and NF-{kappa}B-dependent COX-2 expression in human lung epithelium Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): L1131 - L1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Berenson, J. Yang, B. P. Sleckman, T. L. Murphy, and K. M. Murphy Selective Requirement of p38{alpha} MAPK in Cytokine-Dependent, but Not Antigen Receptor-Dependent, Th1 Responses. J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 4616 - 4621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Inoue, D. L. Boyle, M. Corr, D. Hammaker, R. J. Davis, R. A. Flavell, and G. S. Firestein Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 is a pivotal pathway regulating p38 activation in inflammatory arthritis PNAS, April 4, 2006; 103(14): 5484 - 5489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Krull, P. Bockstaller, F. N. Wuppermann, A. C. Klucken, J. Muhling, B. Schmeck, J. Seybold, C. Walter, M. Maass, S. Rosseau, et al. Mechanisms of Chlamydophila pneumoniae-Mediated GM-CSF Release in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., March 1, 2006; 34(3): 375 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Jinnouchi, Y. Aida, K. Nozoe, K. Maeda, and M. J. Pabst Local anesthetics inhibit priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide for enhanced release of superoxide: suppression of cytochrome b558 expression by disparate mechanisms J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2005; 78(6): 1356 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. Kim, X. Wang, A. Nakao, S. I. Kim, N. Murase, M. E. Choi, S. W. Ryter, and A. M. K. Choi Caveolin-1 expression by means of p38{beta} mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates the antiproliferative effect of carbon monoxide PNAS, August 9, 2005; 102(32): 11319 - 11324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shindou, S. Ishii, M. Yamamoto, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and T. Shimizu Priming Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on Acetyl-Coenzyme A:Lyso-Platelet-Activating Factor Acetyltransferase Is MyD88 and TRIF Independent J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1177 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Shiratsuchi and M. D. Basson Activation of p38 MAPK{alpha} by extracellular pressure mediates the stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis by pressure Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): C1083 - C1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Inoue, D. Hammaker, D. L. Boyle, and G. S. Firestein Regulation of p38 MAPK by MAPK Kinases 3 and 6 in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes J. Immunol., April 1, 2005; 174(7): 4301 - 4306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhu, G. Krishnegowda, and D. C. Gowda Induction of Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages by the Glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum: THE REQUIREMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE, p38, c-Jun N-TERMINAL KINASE AND NF-{kappa}B PATHWAYS FOR THE EXPRESSION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND NITRIC OXIDE J. Biol. Chem., March 4, 2005; 280(9): 8617 - 8627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Alvarado-Kristensson and T. Andersson Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates Apoptosis in Neutrophils by Dephosphorylating Both p38 MAPK and Its Substrate Caspase 3 J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 6238 - 6244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Kim, J. M. White, A. S. Shaw, and B. P. Sleckman MAPK p38{alpha} Is Dispensable for Lymphocyte Development and Proliferation J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1239 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Wang, M. Yerukhimovich, W. A. Gaarde, I. J. Popoff, and C. M. Doerschuk MKK3 and -6-dependent activation of p38{alpha} MAP kinase is required for cytoskeletal changes in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells induced by ICAM-1 ligation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): L359 - L369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Schmeck, J. Zahlten, K. Moog, V. van Laak, S. Huber, A. C. Hocke, B. Opitz, E. Hoffmann, M. Kracht, J. Zerrahn, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced p38 MAPK-dependent Phosphorylation of RelA at the Interleukin-8 Promotor J. Biol. Chem., December 17, 2004; 279(51): 53241 - 53247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Borbiev, A. Birukova, F. Liu, S. Nurmukhambetova, W. T. Gerthoffer, J. G. N. Garcia, and A. D. Verin p38 MAP kinase-dependent regulation of endothelial cell permeability Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): L911 - L918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Emori, T. Ikeda, T. Ohashi, T. Masuda, T. Kurimoto, M. Takei, and M. Kannagi Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by Z-100, an immunomodulator extracted from human-type tubercle bacilli, in macrophages J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2004; 85(9): 2603 - 2613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. D. Palacios, K. Pak, A. Z. Rivkin, A. G. Kayali, D. Austen, C. Aletsee, A. Melhus, N. J. G. Webster, and A. F. Ryan Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Middle Ear Mucosa Hyperplasia during Bacterial Otitis Media Infect. Immun., August 1, 2004; 72(8): 4662 - 4667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Jakus, G. Berton, E. Ligeti, C. A. Lowell, and A. Mocsai Responses of Neutrophils to Anti-Integrin Antibodies Depends on Costimulation through Low Affinity Fc{gamma}Rs: Full Activation Requires Both Integrin and Nonintegrin Signals J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 2068 - 2077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Abecassis, E. Rogier, A. Vazquez, A. Atfi, and M.-F. Bourgeade Evidence for a Role of MSK1 in Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-mediated Responses through p38{alpha} and Smad Signaling Pathways J. Biol. Chem., July 16, 2004; 279(29): 30474 - 30479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Kasper, E. Brandt, S. Bulfone-Paus, and F. Petersen Platelet factor 4 (PF-4)-induced neutrophil adhesion is controlled by src-kinases, whereas PF-4-mediated exocytosis requires the additional activation of p38 MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Blood, March 1, 2004; 103(5): 1602 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Alvarado-Kristensson, F. Melander, K. Leandersson, L. Ronnstrand, C. Wernstedt, and T. Andersson p38-MAPK Signals Survival by Phosphorylation of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 in Human Neutrophils J. Exp. Med., February 17, 2004; 199(4): 449 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Stambe, R. C. Atkins, G. H. Tesch, T. Masaki, G. F. Schreiner, and D. J. Nikolic-Paterson The Role of p38{alpha} Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Renal Fibrosis J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2004; 15(2): 370 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Uddin, J. Ah-Kang, J. Ulaszek, D. Mahmud, and A. Wickrema Differentiation stage-specific activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms in primary human erythroid cells PNAS, January 6, 2004; 101(1): 147 - 152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. R. Meusel and F. Imani Viral Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Epithelial Cells Follows a p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent but NF-{kappa}B-Independent Pathway J. Immunol., October 1, 2003; 171(7): 3768 - 3774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-C. Wu, S.-C. Hsu, H.-m. Shih, and M.-Z. Lai Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells c Is a Target of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in T Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2003; 23(18): 6442 - 6454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Efimova, A.-M. Broome, and R. L. Eckert A Regulatory Role for p38{delta} MAPK in Keratinocyte Differentiation: EVIDENCE FOR p38{delta}-ERK1/2 COMPLEX FORMATION J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2003; 278(36): 34277 - 34285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Guo, R. E. Gerl, and J. W. Schrader Defining the Involvement of p38{alpha} MAPK in the Production of Anti- and Proinflammatory Cytokines Using an SB 203580-resistant Form of the Kinase J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2003; 278(25): 22237 - 22242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Wu, J. Han, and M.-Z. Lai Involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in different stages of thymocyte development Blood, February 1, 2003; 101(3): 970 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ambrosino, G. Mace, S. Galban, C. Fritsch, K. Vintersten, E. Black, M. Gorospe, and A. R. Nebreda Negative Feedback Regulation of MKK6 mRNA Stability by p38{alpha} Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2003; 23(1): 370 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Wang, R. Ma, R. A. Flavell, and M. E. Choi Requirement of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 (MKK3) for Activation of p38alpha and p38delta MAPK Isoforms by TGF-beta 1 in Murine Mesangial Cells J. Biol. Chem., November 27, 2002; 277(49): 47257 - 47262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Takanami-Ohnishi, S. Amano, S. Kimura, S. Asada, A. Utani, M. Maruyama, H. Osada, H. Tsunoda, Y. Irukayama-Tomobe, K. Goto, et al. Essential Role of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in Contact Hypersensitivity J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 2002; 277(40): 37896 - 37903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Burysek, T. Syrovets, and T. Simmet The Serine Protease Plasmin Triggers Expression of MCP-1 and CD40 in Human Primary Monocytes via Activation of p38 MAPK and Janus Kinase (JAK)/STAT Signaling Pathways J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 33509 - 33517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Yan, W. Al-Hertani, D. Byers, and R. Bortolussi Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein- and CD14-Dependent Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Neutrophils Is Associated with Priming of Respiratory Burst Infect. Immun., August 1, 2002; 70(8): 4068 - 4074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. G. N. GARCIA, P. WANG, K. L. SCHAPHORST, P. M. BECKER, T. BORBIEV, F. LIU, A. BIRUKOVA, K. JACOBS, N. BOGATCHEVA, and A. D. VERIN Critical involvement of p38 MAP kinase in pertussis toxin-induced cytoskeletal reorganization and lung permeability FASEB J, July 1, 2002; 16(9): 1064 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. H. Waetzig, D. Seegert, P. Rosenstiel, S. Nikolaus, and S. Schreiber p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Activated and Linked to TNF-{alpha} Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease J. Immunol., May 15, 2002; 168(10): 5342 - 5351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. McDermott and L. A. J. O'Neill Ras Participates in the Activation of p38 MAPK by Interleukin-1 by Associating with IRAK, IRAK2, TRAF6, and TAK-1 J. Biol. Chem., March 1, 2002; 277(10): 7808 - 7815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Cara, J. Kaur, M. Forster, D.-M. McCafferty, and P. Kubes Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Chemokine-Induced Emigration and Chemotaxis In Vivo J. Immunol., December 1, 2001; 167(11): 6552 - 6558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Carballo, H. Cao, W. S. Lai, E. A. Kennington, D. Campbell, and P. J. Blackshear Decreased Sensitivity of Tristetraprolin-deficient Cells to p38 Inhibitors Suggests the Involvement of Tristetraprolin in the p38 Signaling Pathway J. Biol. Chem., November 2, 2001; 276(45): 42580 - 42587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Carlson, Z. Fan, S. E. Gordon, and F. W. Booth Time course of the MAPK and PI3-kinase response within 24 h of skeletal muscle overload J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2001; 91(5): 2079 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Morin, S. M. Karr, R. A. Faris, and P. A. Gruppuso Developmental variability in expression and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat intestine Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): G552 - G559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Marin, C. Farnarier, S. Gres, S. Kaplanski, M. S.-S. Su, C. A. Dinarello, and G. Kaplanski The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway plays a critical role in thrombin-induced endothelial chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment Blood, August 1, 2001; 98(3): 667 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Turquier, L. Yon, L. Grumolato, D. Alexandre, A. Fournier, H. Vaudry, and Y. Anouar Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Stimulates Secretoneurin Release and Secretogranin II Gene Transcription in Bovine Adrenochromaffin Cells through Multiple Signaling Pathways and Increased Binding of Pre-Existing Activator Protein-1-Like Transcription Factors Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2001; 60(1): 42 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Dreskin, G. W. Thomas, S. N. Dale, and L. E. Heasley Isoforms of Jun Kinase Are Differentially Expressed and Activated in Human Monocyte/Macrophage (THP-1) Cells J. Immunol., May 1, 2001; 166(9): 5646 - 5653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Krishna Rao MAP kinase activation in macrophages J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2001; 69(1): 3 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Stoiber, S. Stockinger, P. Steinlein, J. Kovarik, and T. Decker Listeria monocytogenes Modulates Macrophage Cytokine Responses Through STAT Serine Phosphorylation and the Induction of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 J. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 166(1): 466 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Bowie and L. A. J. O'Neill Vitamin C Inhibits NF-{kappa}B Activation by TNF Via the Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase J. Immunol., December 15, 2000; 165(12): 7180 - 7188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-H. Chen, D.-H. Zhang, J. M. LaPorte, and A. Ray Cyclic AMP Activates p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Th2 Cells: Phosphorylation of GATA-3 and Stimulation of Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression J. Immunol., November 15, 2000; 165(10): 5597 - 5605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Wagers and G. S. Kansas Potent Induction of {alpha}(1,3)-Fucosyltransferase VII in Activated CD4+ T Cells by TGF-{beta}1 Through a p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Pathway J. Immunol., November 1, 2000; 165(9): 5011 - 5016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zhang and M. H. Kaplan The p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is Required for IL-12-Induced IFN-{gamma} Expression J. Immunol., August 1, 2000; 165(3): 1374 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
