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and IL-61




*
Department of Cellular Biology, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain;
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Sevilla, Spain; and
Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary
adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) down-regulate cytokine
production. Because human septic shock involves excessive cytokine
production, the effect of VIP/PACAP was investigated in a high
endotoxemia murine model. Both peptides protect against
endotoxin-induced lethality and prevent septic shock-associated
histopathological alterations. VIP/PACAP reduce serum and peritoneal
TNF-
and IL-6, suggesting that the protective effect is exerted by
inhibiting the production of endogenous TNF-
/IL-6. Consistent with
this mechanism, VIP does not protect against septic shock induced by
exogenous TNF-
. The immunomodulatory role of VIP in vivo is
supported by the appearance of high levels of VIP in serum and
peritoneal fluid following LPS administration. Thus, the neuropeptides
VIP/PACAP protect from the lethal effect of high endotoxemia,
presumably by down-regulating TNF-
and IL-6 production, and may
offer an alternative in the treatment of human septic shock
syndrome.
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