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The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 162: 1200-1205.
Copyright © 1999 by The American Association of Immunologists

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activation Polypeptide (PACAP) Protect Mice from Lethal Endotoxemia Through the Inhibition of TNF-{alpha} and IL-61

Mario Delgado2,*,{ddagger}, Carmen Martinez*, David Pozo{dagger}, Juan R. Calvo{dagger}, Javier Leceta*, Doina Ganea{ddagger} and Rosa P. Gomariz*

* Department of Cellular Biology, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; {dagger} Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Sevilla, Spain; and {ddagger} Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102

The neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) down-regulate cytokine production. Because human septic shock involves excessive cytokine production, the effect of VIP/PACAP was investigated in a high endotoxemia murine model. Both peptides protect against endotoxin-induced lethality and prevent septic shock-associated histopathological alterations. VIP/PACAP reduce serum and peritoneal TNF-{alpha} and IL-6, suggesting that the protective effect is exerted by inhibiting the production of endogenous TNF-{alpha}/IL-6. Consistent with this mechanism, VIP does not protect against septic shock induced by exogenous TNF-{alpha}. The immunomodulatory role of VIP in vivo is supported by the appearance of high levels of VIP in serum and peritoneal fluid following LPS administration. Thus, the neuropeptides VIP/PACAP protect from the lethal effect of high endotoxemia, presumably by down-regulating TNF-{alpha} and IL-6 production, and may offer an alternative in the treatment of human septic shock syndrome.




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