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1



*
Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, and
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304
NK cells play an important role in innate immune resistance,
particularly through synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine
IFN-
. This study compares the abilities of the cytokine IL-18 and
the costimulatory cell surface molecule CD28 to enhance IL-12-driven
IFN-
production by NK cells. Studies with other cytokines (IL-1ß,
IL-6, TNF-
, IL-15) showed that IL-18 or anti-CD28 treatments
were the most efficient inducers of IFN-
when combined with IL-12.
The ability of IL-18 to enhance IFN-
was shown to be dependent on
the presence of IL-12. Similarly, although anti-CD28 stimulation
alone could enhance IFN-
synthesis, this effect was significantly
increased in the presence of IL-12. Although neither method of
costimulation required de novo protein synthesis for their effects on
IFN-
mRNA expression, these molecules used distinct mechanisms.
Specifically, nuclear run-on analysis revealed that IL-18 in
combination with IL-12 enhanced the rate of transcription of the
IFN-
gene. Conversely, treatment with anti-CD28 plus IL-12 did
not significantly up-regulate the rate of transcription of the IFN-
gene, but stabilized IFN-
mRNA expression within NK cells. These
findings illustrate costimulatory pathways that result in potent
IFN-
responses by NK cells and show that although IL-18 and
anti-CD28 can enhance the synthesis of IL-12-driven IFN-
, they
employ molecular mechanisms that are distinct from one
another.
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