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Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
We investigated the capacity of heat-killed Listeria
monocytogenes (HKL), a potent stimulator of the innate immune
system, as a vaccine adjuvant to modify both primary and secondary
Ag-specific immune responses. Mice immunized with the Ag keyhole limpet
hemocyanin (KLH) mixed with HKL generated a KLH-specific primary
response characterized by production of Th1 cytokines and large
quantities of KLH-specific IgG2a Ab. Moreover, administration of KLH
with HKL as an adjuvant reversed established immune responses dominated
by the production of Th2 cytokines and high levels of KLH-specific IgE
and induced a Th1-type response with high levels of IFN-
and IgG2a
and low levels of IgE and IL-4. Neutralization of IL-12 activity at the
time of HKL administration blocked the enhancement of IFN-
and
reduction of IL-4 production, indicating that IL-12, induced by HKL,
was responsible for the adjuvant effects on cytokine production. These
results suggest that HKL as an adjuvant during immunization can
successfully bias the development of Ag-specific cytokine synthesis
toward Th1 cytokine production even in the setting of an ongoing
Th2-dominated response. Thus, HKL may be clinically effective in
vaccine therapies for diseases such as allergy and asthma, which
require the conversion of Th2-dominated immune responses into
Th1-dominated responses.
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