| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
*
Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and the
Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
Genetic vaccination depends at least in part on the adjuvant
properties of plasmids, properties that have been ascribed to
unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA. Because dendritic
cells (DC) participate in the T cell priming that occurs during genetic
vaccination, we reasoned that CpG-containing DNA might activate DC.
Thus, we assessed the effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on
Langerhans cell (LC)-like murine fetal skin-derived DC (FSDDC) in vitro
and on LC in vivo. Treatment with CpG ODN as well as LPS induced FSDDC
maturation, manifested by decreased E-cadherin-mediated adhesion,
up-regulation of MHC class II and costimulator molecule expression, and
acquisition of enhanced accessory cell activity. In contrast to LPS,
CpG ODN stimulated FSDDC to produce large amounts of IL-12 but only
small amounts of IL-6 and TNF-
. Injection of CpG ODN into murine
dermis also led to enhanced expression of MHC class II and CD86 Ag by
LC in overlying epidermis and intracytoplasmic IL-12 accumulation in a
subpopulation of activated LC. We conclude that immunostimulatory CpG
ODN stimulate DC in vitro and in vivo. Bacterial DNA-based vaccines may
preferentially elicit Th1-predominant immune responses because they
activate and mobilize DC and induce them to produce large amounts of
IL-12.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  W. N. Haining, J. Davies, H. Kanzler, L. Drury, T. Brenn, J. Evans, J. Angelosanto, S. Rivoli, K. Russell, S. George, et al. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Alter Lymphocyte and Dendritic Cell Trafficking in Humans Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 2008; 14(17): 5626 - 5634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kawasaki, M. A. Choudhry, M. G. Schwacha, S. Fujimi, J. A. Lederer, K. I. Bland, and I. H. Chaudry Trauma-hemorrhage inhibits splenic dendritic cell proinflammatory cytokine production via a mitogen-activated protein kinase process Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): C754 - C764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. W. Mapletoft, M. Oumouna, J. Kovacs-Nolan, L. Latimer, G. Mutwiri, L. A. Babiuk, and S. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Intranasal immunization of mice with a formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine co-formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and polyphosphazenes results in enhanced protection J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2008; 89(1): 250 - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-L. Lin, Y.-C. Liang, and B.-L. Chiang Placental growth factor down-regulates type 1 T helper immune response by modulating the function of dendritic cells J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1473 - 1480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Gray, J. Kuchtey, and C. V. Harding CpG-B ODNs potently induce low levels of IFN-{alpha}{beta} and induce IFN-{alpha}{beta}-dependent MHC-I cross-presentation in DCs as effectively as CpG-A and CpG-C ODNs J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2007; 81(4): 1075 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Flacher, M. Bouschbacher, E. Verronese, C. Massacrier, V. Sisirak, O. Berthier-Vergnes, B. de Saint-Vis, C. Caux, C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, S. Lebecque, et al. Human Langerhans Cells Express a Specific TLR Profile and Differentially Respond to Viruses and Gram-Positive Bacteria J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7959 - 7967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Liang, J. V. van den Hurk, L. A. Babiuk, and S. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Priming with DNA encoding E2 and boosting with E2 protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces strong immune responses and protection from Bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle. J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2006; 87(Pt 10): 2971 - 2982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-L. Lin, S.-S. Lee, S.-M. Hou, and B.-L. Chiang Polysaccharide Purified from Ganoderma lucidum Induces Gene Expression Changes in Human Dendritic Cells and Promotes T Helper 1 Immune Response in BALB/c Mice Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2006; 70(2): 637 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Elvin, G. D. Healey, A. Westwood, S. C. Knight, J. E. Eyles, and E. D. Williamson Protection against Heterologous Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains by Dendritic Cell Immunization Infect. Immun., March 1, 2006; 74(3): 1706 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Mizumoto, J. Gao, H. Matsushima, Y. Ogawa, H. Tanaka, and A. Takashima Discovery of novel immunostimulants by dendritic-cell-based functional screening Blood, November 1, 2005; 106(9): 3082 - 3089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Tacken, I. J. M. de Vries, K. Gijzen, B. Joosten, D. Wu, R. P. Rother, S. J. Faas, C. J. A. Punt, R. Torensma, G. J. Adema, et al. Effective induction of naive and recall T-cell responses by targeting antigen to human dendritic cells via a humanized anti-DC-SIGN antibody Blood, August 15, 2005; 106(4): 1278 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-L. Lin, Y.-C. Liang, S.-S. Lee, and B.-L. Chiang Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the NF-{kappa}B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2005; 78(2): 533 - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. De Trez, B. Pajak, M. Brait, N. Glaichenhaus, J. Urbain, M. Moser, G. Lauvau, and E. Muraille TLR4 and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing IFN-{beta}, but Not MyD88, Regulate Escherichia coli-Induced Dendritic Cell Maturation and Apoptosis In Vivo J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 839 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Alignani, B. Maletto, M. Liscovsky, A. Ropolo, G. Moron, and M. C. Pistoresi-Palencia Orally administered OVA/CpG-ODN induces specific mucosal and systemic immune response in young and aged mice J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 77(6): 898 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. J. J. Hegmans, A. Hemmes, J. G. Aerts, H. C. Hoogsteden, and B. N. Lambrecht Immunotherapy of Murine Malignant Mesothelioma Using Tumor Lysate-pulsed Dendritic Cells Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2005; 171(10): 1168 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Traidl-Hoffmann, V. Mariani, H. Hochrein, K. Karg, H. Wagner, J. Ring, M. J. Mueller, T. Jakob, and H. Behrendt Pollen-associated phytoprostanes inhibit dendritic cell interleukin-12 production and augment T helper type 2 cell polarization J. Exp. Med., February 22, 2005; 201(4): 627 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Oumouna, J. W. Mapletoft, B. C. Karvonen, L. A. Babiuk, and S. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Formulation with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Prevents Induction of Pulmonary Immunopathology following Priming with Formalin-Inactivated or Commercial Killed Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine J. Virol., February 15, 2005; 79(4): 2024 - 2032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Nakahara, H. Uchi, K. Urabe, Q. Chen, M. Furue, and Y. Moroi Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase on lipopolysaccharide induced maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells Int. Immunol., December 1, 2004; 16(12): 1701 - 1709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Herbert, J. F. Grosso, M. Dorsey Jr., T. Fu, I. Keydar, M. A. Cejas, D. H. Wreschner, N. Smorodinski, and D. M. Lopez A Unique Mucin Immunoenhancing Peptide with Antitumor Properties Cancer Res., November 1, 2004; 64(21): 8077 - 8084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Pouniotis, O. Proudfoot, V. Bogdanoska, V. Apostolopoulos, T. Fifis, and M. Plebanski Dendritic Cells Induce Immunity and Long-Lasting Protection against Blood-Stage Malaria despite an In Vitro Parasite-Induced Maturation Defect Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5331 - 5339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Ramirez-Pineda, A. Frohlich, C. Berberich, and H. Moll Dendritic Cells (DC) Activated by CpG DNA Ex Vivo Are Potent Inducers of Host Resistance to an Intracellular Pathogen That Is Independent of IL-12 Derived from the Immunizing DC J. Immunol., May 15, 2004; 172(10): 6281 - 6289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Cornelie, J. Hoebeke, A.-M. Schacht, B. Bertin, J. Vicogne, M. Capron, and G. Riveau Direct Evidence that Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Functionally Binds Plasmid DNA by Specific Cytosine-phosphate-guanine Motif Recognition J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 2004; 279(15): 15124 - 15129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. De Trez, M. Brait, O. Leo, T. Aebischer, F. A. Torrentera, Y. Carlier, and E. Muraille Myd88-Dependent In Vivo Maturation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Induced by Leishmania donovani and Other Leishmania Species Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 824 - 832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Berry, D. K. Hickey, K. A. Skelding, S. Bao, A. M. Rendina, P. M. Hansbro, C. M. Gockel, and K. W. Beagley Transcutaneous Immunization with Combined Cholera Toxin and CpG Adjuvant Protects against Chlamydia muridarum Genital Tract Infection Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 1019 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Gould, J. A. Greene, V. Bhoj, J. L. DeVecchio, and F. P. Heinzel Distinct Modulatory Effects of LPS and CpG on IL-18-Dependent IFN-{gamma} Synthesis J. Immunol., February 1, 2004; 172(3): 1754 - 1762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Hasegawa and T Hayashi Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides accelerate the development of lupus nephritis during preactive phase in NZB xNZWF1 mice Lupus, November 1, 2003; 12(11): 838 - 845. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Abeyama, K.-i. Kawahara, S. Iino, T. Hamada, S.-i. Arimura, K. Matsushita, T. Nakajima, and I. Maruyama Antibiotic cyclic AMP signaling by "primed" leukocytes confers anti-inflammatory cytoprotection J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2003; 74(5): 908 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Yeo, J.-G. Yoon, and A.-K. Yi Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-dependent Post-transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by CpG DNA: TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-{alpha} RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 6, A DIVERGING POINT IN THE Toll-LIKE RECEPTOR 9-SIGNALING J. Biol. Chem., October 17, 2003; 278(42): 40590 - 40600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lundberg, P. Welander, X. Han, and E. Cantin Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Is Immunostimulatory In Vitro and In Vivo J. Virol., October 15, 2003; 77(20): 11158 - 11169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Lonsdorf, H. Kuekrek, B. V. Stern, B. O. Boehm, P. V. Lehmann, and M. Tary-Lehmann Intratumor CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Injection Induces Protective Antitumor T Cell Immunity J. Immunol., October 15, 2003; 171(8): 3941 - 3946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Beloeil, M. Tomkowiak, G. Angelov, T. Walzer, P. Dubois, and J. Marvel In Vivo Impact of CpG1826 Oligodeoxynucleotide on CD8 T Cell Primary Responses and Survival J. Immunol., September 15, 2003; 171(6): 2995 - 3002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kuchtey, M. Pennini, R. K. Pai, and C. V. Harding CpG DNA Induces a Class II Transactivator-Independent Increase in Class II MHC by Stabilizing Class II MHC mRNA in B Lymphocytes J. Immunol., September 1, 2003; 171(5): 2320 - 2325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. B. Ray and A. M. Krieg Oral Pretreatment of Mice with CpG DNA Reduces Susceptibility to Oral or Intraperitoneal Challenge with Virulent Listeria monocytogenes Infect. Immun., August 1, 2003; 71(8): 4398 - 4404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kochling, S. A. Konig-Merediz, R. Stripecke, D. Buchwald, A. Korte, H. G. von Einsiedel, F. Sack, G. Henze, K. Seeger, B. Wittig, et al. Protection of Mice against Philadelphia Chromosome-positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Cell-based Vaccination Using Nonviral, Minimalistic Expression Vectors and Immunomodulatory Oligonucleotides Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(8): 3142 - 3149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Yeo, D. Gravis, J.-G. Yoon, and A.-K. Yi Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-dependent Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by CpG DNA: ROLE OF NF-{kappa}B AND p38 J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2003; 278(25): 22563 - 22573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Kumaraguru, C. D. Pack, and B. T. Rouse Toll-like receptor ligand links innate and adaptive immune responses by the production of heat-shock proteins J. Leukoc. Biol., May 1, 2003; 73(5): 574 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-K. Yi, J.-G. Yoon, and A. M. Krieg Convergence of CpG DNA- and BCR-mediated signals at the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and NF-{kappa}B activation pathways: regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinases Int. Immunol., May 1, 2003; 15(5): 577 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Skokos, H. G. Botros, C. Demeure, J. Morin, R. Peronet, G. Birkenmeier, S. Boudaly, and S. Mecheri Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Elicit Specific Immune Responses In Vivo J. Immunol., March 15, 2003; 170(6): 3037 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sano, H. Shirota, T. Terui, T. Hattori, and G. Tamura Oligodeoxynucleotides Without CpG Motifs Work as Adjuvant for the Induction of Th2 Differentiation in a Sequence-Independent Manner J. Immunol., March 1, 2003; 170(5): 2367 - 2373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Stober, I. Jomantaite, R. Schirmbeck, and J. Reimann NKT Cells Provide Help for Dendritic Cell-Dependent Priming of MHC Class I-Restricted CD8+ T Cells In Vivo J. Immunol., March 1, 2003; 170(5): 2540 - 2548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Radhakrishnan, L. T. Nguyen, B. Ciric, D. R. Ure, B. Zhou, K. Tamada, H. Dong, S.-Y. Tseng, T. Shin, D. M. Pardoll, et al. Naturally Occurring Human IgM Antibody That Binds B7-DC and Potentiates T Cell Stimulation by Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., February 15, 2003; 170(4): 1830 - 1838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gomis, L. Babiuk, D. L. Godson, B. Allan, T. Thrush, H. Townsend, P. Willson, E. Waters, R. Hecker, and A. Potter Protection of Chickens against Escherichia coli Infections by DNA Containing CpG Motifs Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 857 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Sandler, H. Chihara, G. Kobayashi, X. Zhu, M. A. Miller, D. L. Scott, and A. M. Krieg CpG Oligonucleotides Enhance the Tumor Antigen-specific Immune Response of a Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor-based Vaccine Strategy in Neuroblastoma Cancer Res., January 15, 2003; 63(2): 394 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Yeo, J.-G. Yoon, S.-C. Hong, and A.-K. Yi CpG DNA Induces Self and Cross-Hyporesponsiveness of RAW264.7 Cells in Response to CpG DNA and Lipopolysaccharide: Alterations in IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase Expression J. Immunol., January 15, 2003; 170(2): 1052 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jiang, H. J. Baker, and B. F. Smith Mucosal Immunization with Helicobacter, CpG DNA, and Cholera Toxin Is Protective Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 40 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sashinami, A. Nakane, Y. Iwakura, and M. Sasaki Effective Induction of Acquired Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes by Immunizing Mice with In Vivo-Infected Dendritic Cells Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 117 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Myoung, J.-H. Kim, I.-S. Moon, T.-G. Kim, W.-S. Ahn, and J.-I. Sin Both E7 and CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Are Required for Protective Immunity against Challenge with Human Papillomavirus 16 (E6/E7) Immortalized Tumor Cells: Involvement of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Protection Cancer Res., December 15, 2002; 62(24): 7234 - 7240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Weigel, N. Nath, P. A. Taylor, A. Panoskaltsis-Mortari, W. Chen, A. M. Krieg, K. Brasel, and B. R. Blazar Comparative analysis of murine marrow-derived dendritic cells generated by Flt3L or GM-CSF/IL-4 and matured with immune stimulatory agents on the in vivo induction of antileukemia responses Blood, December 1, 2002; 100(12): 4169 - 4176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. SFONDRINI, D. BESUSSO, C. RUMIO, M. RODOLFO, S. MENARD, and A. BALSARI Prevention of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in HER-2/neu transgenic mice by foreign DNA FASEB J, November 1, 2002; 16(13): 1749 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Heckelsmiller, K. Rall, S. Beck, A. Schlamp, J. Seiderer, B. Jahrsdorfer, A. Krug, S. Rothenfusser, S. Endres, and G. Hartmann Peritumoral CpG DNA Elicits a Coordinated Response of CD8 T Cells and Innate Effectors to Cure Established Tumors in a Murine Colon Carcinoma Model J. Immunol., October 1, 2002; 169(7): 3892 - 3899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Davila, M. G. Velez, C. J. Heppelmann, and E. Celis Creating space: an antigen-independent, CpG-induced peripheral expansion of naive and memory T lymphocytes in a full T-cell compartment Blood, September 18, 2002; 100(7): 2537 - 2545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kakimoto, A. Hasegawa, S. Fujita, and M. Yasukawa Phenotypic and Functional Alterations of Dendritic Cells Induced by Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection J. Virol., September 11, 2002; 76(20): 10338 - 10345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Maletto, A. Ropolo, V. Moron, and M. C. Pistoresi-Palencia CpG-DNA stimulates cellular and humoral immunity and promotes Th1 differentiation in aged BALB/c mice J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2002; 72(3): 447 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. P. Ioannou, P. Griebel, R. Hecker, L. A. Babiuk, and S. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk The Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein D plus Emulsigen Are Increased by Formulation with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides J. Virol., August 12, 2002; 76(18): 9002 - 9010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Pai, D. Askew, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding Regulation of Class II MHC Expression in APCs: Roles of Types I, III, and IV Class II Transactivator J. Immunol., August 1, 2002; 169(3): 1326 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shirota, K. Sano, N. Hirasawa, T. Terui, K. Ohuchi, T. Hattori, and G. Tamura B Cells Capturing Antigen Conjugated with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Induce Th1 Cells by Elaborating IL-12 J. Immunol., July 15, 2002; 169(2): 787 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gierynska, U. Kumaraguru, S.-K. Eo, S. Lee, A. Krieg, and B. T. Rouse Induction of CD8 T-Cell-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Herpes Simplex Virus with CpG-Peptide Complexes J. Virol., June 5, 2002; 76(13): 6568 - 6576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Cho, T. Hayashi, S. K. Datta, K. Takabayashi, J. H. Van Uden, A. Horner, M. Corr, and E. Raz IFN-{alpha}{beta} Promote Priming of Antigen-Specific CD8+ and CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Immunostimulatory DNA-Based Vaccines J. Immunol., May 15, 2002; 168(10): 4907 - 4913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Riedl, D. Stober, C. Oehninger, K. Melber, J. Reimann, and R. Schirmbeck Priming Th1 Immunity to Viral Core Particles Is Facilitated by Trace Amounts of RNA Bound to Its Arginine-Rich Domain J. Immunol., May 15, 2002; 168(10): 4951 - 4959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
