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Two Distinct Phospholipases C of Listeria monocytogenes Induce Ceramide Generation, Nuclear Factor-B Activation, and E-Selectin Expression in Human Endothelial Cells¹

Nicole Schwarzer^*, Ralph Nöst^*, Joachim Seybold^*, Shreemanta K. Parida, Oliver Fuhrmann^*, Matthias Krüll^*, Reinhold Schmidt^*, Robert Newton, Stefan Hippenstiel^*, Eugen Domann, Trinad Chakraborty and Norbert Suttorp^2,*

^* Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; and Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Thoracic Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Infection of endothelial cells by Listeria monocytogenes is an essential step in the pathogenesis of listeriosis. We recently reported that L. monocytogenes induces up-regulation of E-selectin and other endothelial adhesion molecules and subsequent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion into cultured human endothelial cells. In the present study, we characterized the mechanisms of enhanced E-selectin expression using L. monocytogenes wild type (EGD), the isogenic in-frame deletion mutants for phosphatidylcholine (PC)- and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipases EGDplcA and EGDplcB, as well as the nonvirulent control strain Listeria innocua. Infection of endothelial cells with EGDplcA or EGDplcB for 6 h induced, as compared with EGD wild type, intermediate levels of E-selectin mRNA and protein as well as PMN rolling and adhesion at a shear rate of 1 dyne/cm², indicating that both bacterial phospholipases are required for a maximal effect. Similarly, ceramide content and NF-B activity were increased in L. monocytogenes-exposed endothelial cells, but only to intermediate levels for PC- or PI-phospholipase C (PLC)-deficient listerial mutants. Phospholipase effects could be mimicked by exogenously added ceramides or bacterial sphingomyelinase. The data presented indicate that PI-PLC and PC-PLC are important virulence factors for L. monocytogenes infections that induce accumulation of ceramides that in turn may act as second messengers to control host cell signal-transduction pathways leading to persistent NF-B activation, increased E-selectin expression, and enhanced PMN rolling/adhesion. The ability of L. monocytogenes to stimulate PMN adhesion to endothelial cells may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of severe listeriosis.

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