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Department of Immunobiology, Immunex Corp., Seattle, WA 98101
The observation that TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF cytokine family, induces apoptosis in a number of different tumor cell types led us to compare the tumoricidal effects of TRAIL to those of other TNF family molecules on human melanoma cells. We found that a high proportion of the melanoma cell lines tested were killed by TRAIL, whereas all the melanoma lines were resistant to the other TNF family cytokines tested. TRAIL-induced death was characterized by caspase activation and cellular protein cleavage within minutes of TRAIL addition, and death could be completely inhibited by the caspase inhibitors Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp (IETD) and Val-Ala-Asp (VAD), indicating the presence of a TRAIL receptor signaling pathway similar to that identified for Fas and TNF receptors. Specific TRAIL receptor expression was determined by RT-PCR, and the presence of mRNA encoding the "protective" TRAIL receptors did not correspond to resistance or sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Addition of protein synthesis inhibitors to TRAIL-resistant melanomas rendered them sensitive to TRAIL, indicating that the presence or the absence of intracellular apoptosis inhibitors may mediate resistance or sensitivity to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Expression of one such inhibitor, FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), was highest in the TRAIL-resistant melanomas, while being low or undetectable in the TRAIL-sensitive melanomas. Furthermore, addition of actinomycin D to TRAIL-resistant melanomas resulted in decreased intracellular concentrations of FLIP, which correlated with their acquisition of TRAIL sensitivity. Collectively, our results indicate that TRAIL-induced apoptosis occurs through a caspase signaling cascade and that resistance is controlled by intracellular regulators of apoptosis.
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S. Shetty, B. A. Graham, J. G. Brown, X. Hu, N. Vegh-Yarema, G. Harding, J. T. Paul, and S. B. Gibson Transcription Factor NF-{kappa}B Differentially Regulates Death Receptor 5 Expression Involving Histone Deacetylase 1 Mol. Cell. Biol., July 1, 2005; 25(13): 5404 - 5416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Matsuda, A. Almasan, M. Tomita, J.-n. Uchihara, M. Masuda, K. Ohshiro, N. Takasu, H. Yagita, T. Ohta, and N. Mori Resistance to Apo2 Ligand (Apo2L)/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-Mediated Apoptosis and Constitutive Expression of Apo2L/TRAIL in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Infected T-Cell Lines J. Virol., February 1, 2005; 79(3): 1367 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Zhang, T.-G. Jin, H. Yang, W. C. DeWolf, R. Khosravi-Far, and A. F. Olumi Persistent c-FLIP(L) Expression Is Necessary and Sufficient to Maintain Resistance to Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Mediated Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., October 1, 2004; 64(19): 7086 - 7091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-H. Kim, J.-W. Park, J.-Y. Lee, and T. K. Kwon Sodium butyrate sensitizes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by induction of transcription from the DR5 gene promoter through Sp1 sites in colon cancer cells Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2004; 25(10): 1813 - 1820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Kemp, J. M. Moore, and T. S. Griffith Human B Cells Express Functional TRAIL/Apo-2 Ligand after CpG-Containing Oligodeoxynucleotide Stimulation J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 892 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Matsuyama, M. Yamamoto, I. Higashimoto, K.-i. Oonakahara, M. Watanabe, K. Machida, T. Yoshimura, N. Eiraku, M. Kawabata, M. Osame, et al. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is involved in neutropenia of systemic lupus erythematosus Blood, July 1, 2004; 104(1): 184 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. C. Spierings, E. G. de Vries, E. Vellenga, F. A. van den Heuvel, J. J. Koornstra, J. Wesseling, H. Hollema, and S. de Jong Tissue Distribution of the Death Ligand TRAIL and Its Receptors J. Histochem. Cytochem., June 1, 2004; 52(6): 821 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Taniai, A. Grambihler, H. Higuchi, N. Werneburg, S. F. Bronk, D. J. Farrugia, S. H. Kaufmann, and G. J. Gores Mcl-1 Mediates Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Resistance in Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Cancer Res., May 15, 2004; 64(10): 3517 - 3524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Y. Zhang, X. D. Zhang, J. M. Borrow, T. Nguyen, and P. Hersey Translational Control of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Death Receptor Expression in Melanoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 12, 2004; 279(11): 10606 - 10614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Harper, M. A. Hughes, S. N. Farrow, G. M. Cohen, and M. MacFarlane Protein Kinase C Modulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis by Targeting the Apical Events of Death Receptor Signaling J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 2003; 278(45): 44338 - 44347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Panka and J. W. Mier Canstatin Inhibits Akt Activation and Induces Fas-dependent Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 37632 - 37636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ray and A. Almasan Apoptosis Induction in Prostate Cancer Cells and Xenografts by Combined Treatment with Apo2 Ligand/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and CPT-11 Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 63(15): 4713 - 4723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Kim, M. Ajaz, A. Lokshin, and Y. J. Lee Role of Antiapoptotic Proteins in Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and Cisplatin-augmented Apoptosis Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(8): 3134 - 3141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Liu, S. Hilsenbeck, and Y. Gazitt Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells: p53-dependent G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest, activation of caspase-8 or caspase-9, and synergy with APO2/TRAIL Blood, May 15, 2003; 101(10): 4078 - 4087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Chen, K. Kandasamy, and R. K. Srivastava Differential Roles of RelA (p65) and c-Rel Subunits of Nuclear Factor {kappa}B in Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Signaling Cancer Res., March 1, 2003; 63(5): 1059 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Yang, M. S. Merchant, M. E. Romero, M. Tsokos, L. H. Wexler, U. Kontny, C. L. Mackall, and C. J. Thiele Induction of Caspase 8 by Interferon {gamma} Renders Some Neuroblastoma (NB) Cells Sensitive to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) but Reveals That a Lack of Membrane TR1/TR2 Also Contributes to TRAIL Resistance in NB Cancer Res., March 1, 2003; 63(5): 1122 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. F. Yang, C. Xiao, W. H. Roa, P. H. Krammer, and C. Hao Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Regulation of c-FLIP Expression and Phosphorylation in Modulation of Fas-mediated Signaling in Malignant Glioma Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 2003; 278(9): 7043 - 7050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Leverkus, M. R. Sprick, T. Wachter, T. Mengling, B. Baumann, E. Serfling, E.-B. Brocker, M. Goebeler, M. Neumann, and H. Walczak Proteasome Inhibition Results in TRAIL Sensitization of Primary Keratinocytes by Removing the Resistance-Mediating Block of Effector Caspase Maturation Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(3): 777 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. R. Basile, A. Eichten, V. Zacny, and K. Munger NF-{kappa}B-Mediated Induction of p21Cip1/Waf1 by Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} Induces Growth Arrest and Cytoprotection in Normal Human Keratinocytes Mol. Cancer Res., February 1, 2003; 1(4): 262 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. LaVallee, X. H. Zhan, M. S. Johnson, C. J. Herbstritt, G. Swartz, M. S. Williams, W. A. Hembrough, S. J. Green, and V. S. Pribluda 2-Methoxyestradiol Up-Regulates Death Receptor 5 and Induces Apoptosis through Activation of the Extrinsic Pathway Cancer Res., January 15, 2003; 63(2): 468 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Barille-Nion, B. Barlogie, R. Bataille, P. L. Bergsagel, J. Epstein, R. G. Fenton, J. Jacobson, W. M. Kuehl, J. Shaughnessy, and G. Tricot Advances in Biology and Therapy of Multiple Myeloma Hematology, January 1, 2003; 2003(1): 248 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Strater, U. Hinz, H. Walczak, G. Mechtersheimer, K. Koretz, C. Herfarth, P. Moller, and T. Lehnert Expression of TRAIL and TRAIL Receptors in Colon Carcinoma: TRAIL-R1 Is an Independent Prognostic Parameter Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2002; 8(12): 3734 - 3740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Higuchi, S. F. Bronk, M. Taniai, A. Canbay, and G. J. Gores Cholestasis Increases Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptotis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-R2/DR5 Expression and Sensitizes the Liver to TRAIL-Mediated Cytotoxicity J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2002; 303(2): 461 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-o. Lee, J. M. Herndon, R. Barreiro, T. S. Griffith, and T. A. Ferguson TRAIL: A Mechanism of Tumor Surveillance in an Immune Privileged Site J. Immunol., November 1, 2002; 169(9): 4739 - 4744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Naka, K. Sugamura, B. L. Hylander, M. B. Widmer, Y. M. Rustum, and E. A. Repasky Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Alone and in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents on Patients' Colon Tumors Grown in SCID Mice Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5800 - 5806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Spencer, S.-L. Yeh, K. Koutrevelis, C. Baulch-Brown ;, N. Mitsiades, C. Mitsiades, K. C. Anderson, and S. P. Treon TRAIL-induced apoptosis of authentic myeloma cells does not correlate with the procaspase-8/cFLIP ratio Blood, September 26, 2002; 100(8): 3049 - 3050. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Poulaki, C. S. Mitsiades, V. Kotoula, S. Tseleni-Balafouta, A. Ashkenazi, D. A. Koutras, and N. Mitsiades Regulation of Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2002; 161(2): 643 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chawla-Sarkar, D. W. Leaman, B. S. Jacobs, and E. C. Borden IFN-{beta} Pretreatment Sensitizes Human Melanoma Cells to TRAIL/Apo2 Ligand-Induced Apoptosis J. Immunol., July 15, 2002; 169(2): 847 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Xiao, B. F. Yang, N. Asadi, F. Beguinot, and C. Hao Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Death-inducing Signaling Complex and Its Modulation by c-FLIP and PED/PEA-15 in Glioma Cells J. Biol. Chem., July 5, 2002; 277(28): 25020 - 25025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Kim, N. Suh, M. Sporn, and J. C. Reed An Inducible Pathway for Degradation of FLIP Protein Sensitizes Tumor Cells to TRAIL-induced Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., June 14, 2002; 277(25): 22320 - 22329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. H. Igney and P. H. Krammer Immune escape of tumors: apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2002; 71(6): 907 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. S. Griffith, J. M. Fialkov, D. L. Scott, T. Azuhata, R. D. Williams, N. R. Wall, D. C. Altieri, and A. D. Sandler Induction and Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand/Apo-2 Ligand-mediated Apoptosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cancer Res., June 1, 2002; 62(11): 3093 - 3099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. van Noesel, S. van Bezouw, G. S. Salomons, P. A. Voute, R. Pieters, S. B. Baylin, J. G. Herman, and R. Versteeg Tumor-specific Down-Regulation of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Decoy Receptors DcR1 and DcR2 Is Associated with Dense Promoter Hypermethylation Cancer Res., April 1, 2002; 62(7): 2157 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Mitsiades, C. S. Mitsiades, V. Poulaki, K. C. Anderson, and S. P. Treon Intracellular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells Blood, March 15, 2002; 99(6): 2162 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Roth, F. Stenner-Liewen, K. Pawlowski, A. Godzik, and J. C. Reed Identification and Characterization of DEDD2, a Death Effector Domain-containing Protein J. Biol. Chem., February 22, 2002; 277(9): 7501 - 7508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Takeda, M. J. Smyth, E. Cretney, Y. Hayakawa, N. Kayagaki, H. Yagita, and K. Okumura Critical Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand in Immune Surveillance Against Tumor Development J. Exp. Med., January 14, 2002; 195(2): 161 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Fotin-Mleczek, F. Henkler, D. Samel, M. Reichwein, A. Hausser, I. Parmryd, P. Scheurich, J. A. Schmid, and H. Wajant Apoptotic crosstalk of TNF receptors: TNF-R2-induces depletion of TRAF2 and IAP proteins and accelerates TNF-R1-dependent activation of caspase-8 J. Cell Sci., January 7, 2002; 115(13): 2757 - 2770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Jazirehi, C.-P. Ng, X.-H. Gan, G. Schiller, and B. Bonavida Adriamycin Sensitizes the Adriamycin-resistant 8226/Dox40 Human Multiple Myeloma Cells to Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-mediated (TRAIL) Apoptosis Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 3874 - 3883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Lum, A. A. Pilon, J. Sanchez-Dardon, B. N. Phenix, J. E. Kim, J. Mihowich, K. Jamison, N. Hawley-Foss, D. H. Lynch, and A. D. Badley Induction of Cell Death in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macrophages and Resting Memory CD4 T Cells by TRAIL/Apo2L J. Virol., November 15, 2001; 75(22): 11128 - 11136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Y. Zang, R. G. Goodwin, M. R. Loken, E. Bryant, and H. J. Deeg Expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Apo2L, and its receptors in myelodysplastic syndrome: effects on in vitro hemopoiesis Blood, November 15, 2001; 98(10): 3058 - 3065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Thakkar, X. Chen, F. Tyan, S. Gim, H. Robinson, C. Lee, S. K. Pandey, C. Nwokorie, N. Onwudiwe, and R. K. Srivastava Pro-survival Function of Akt/Protein Kinase B in Prostate Cancer Cells. RELATIONSHIP WITH TRAIL RESISTANCE J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2001; 276(42): 38361 - 38369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Higuchi, S. F. Bronk, Y. Takikawa, N. Werneburg, R. Takimoto, W. El-Deiry, and G. J. Gores The Bile Acid Glycochenodeoxycholate Induces TRAIL-Receptor 2/DR5 Expression and Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2001; 276(42): 38610 - 38618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. D. Zhang, X. Y. Zhang, C. P. Gray, T. Nguyen, and P. Hersey Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis of Human Melanoma Is Regulated by Smac/DIABLO Release from Mitochondria Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(19): 7339 - 7348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.-O. Vidalain, O. Azocar, H. Yagita, C. Rabourdin-Combe, and C. Servet-Delprat Cytotoxic Activity of Human Dendritic Cells Is Differentially Regulated by Double-Stranded RNA and CD40 Ligand J. Immunol., October 1, 2001; 167(7): 3765 - 3772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Mitsiades, S. P. Treon, N. Mitsiades, Y. Shima, P. Richardson, R. Schlossman, T. Hideshima, and K. C. Anderson TRAIL/Apo2L ligand selectively induces apoptosis and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications Blood, August 1, 2001; 98(3): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chawla-Sarkar, D. W. Leaman, and E. C. Borden Preferential Induction of Apoptosis by Interferon (IFN)-{beta} Compared with IFN-{{alpha}}2: Correlation with TRAIL/Apo2L Induction in Melanoma Cell Lines Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 7(6): 1821 - 1831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. F. Pollack, M. Erff, and A. Ashkenazi Direct Stimulation of Apoptotic Signaling by Soluble Apo2L/Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Leads to Selective Killing of Glioma Cells Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1362 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. V. Franco, X. D. Zhang, E. Van Berkel, J. E. Sanders, X. Y. Zhang, W. D. Thomas, T. Nguyen, and P. Hersey The Role of NF-{{kappa}}B in TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-Induced Apoptosis of Melanoma Cells J. Immunol., May 1, 2001; 166(9): 5337 - 5345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Liu, Y. Yu, M. Zhang, W. Wang, and X. Cao The Involvement of TNF-{{alpha}}-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand in the Enhanced Cytotoxicity of IFN-{{beta}}-Stimulated Human Dendritic Cells to Tumor Cells J. Immunol., May 1, 2001; 166(9): 5407 - 5415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Chuntharapai, K. Dodge, K. Grimmer, K. Schroeder, S. A. Marsters, H. Koeppen, A. Ashkenazi, and K. J. Kim Isotype-Dependent Inhibition of Tumor Growth In Vivo by Monoclonal Antibodies to Death Receptor 4 J. Immunol., April 15, 2001; 166(8): 4891 - 4898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. D. Pettersen, G. Bernard, M. K. Olafsen, M. Pourtein, and S. O. Lie CD99 Signals Caspase-Independent T Cell Death J. Immunol., April 15, 2001; 166(8): 4931 - 4942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kagawa, C. He, J. Gu, P. Koch, S.-J. Rha, J. A. Roth, S. A. Curley, L. C. Stephens, and B. Fang Antitumor Activity and Bystander Effects of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Gene Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 61(8): 3330 - 3338. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. H. Alexander, J. L. Bento, F. M. Hughes Jr., I. Marriott, M. C. Hudson, and K. L. Bost Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica Serovar Dublin Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Expression by Normal Mouse and Human Osteoblasts Infect. Immun., March 1, 2001; 69(3): 1581 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Mitsiades, V. Poulaki, C. Mitsiades, and M. Tsokos Ewing's Sarcoma Family Tumors Are Sensitive to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand and Express Death Receptor 4 and Death Receptor 5 Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(6): 2704 - 2712. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. J. Frost, L. H. Butterfield, V. B. Dissette, J. S. Economou, and B. Bonavida Immunosensitization of Melanoma Tumor Cells to Non-MHC Fas-Mediated Killing by MART-1-Specific CTL Cultures J. Immunol., March 1, 2001; 166(5): 3564 - 3573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.-W. Seol, J. Li, M.-H. Seol, S.-Y. Park, R. V. Talanian, and T. R. Billiar Signaling Events Triggered by Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL): Caspase-8 Is Required for TRAIL-induced Apoptosis Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(3): 1138 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. Hao, F. Beguinot, G. Condorelli, A. Trencia, E. G. Van Meir, V. W. Yong, I. F. Parney, W. H. Roa, and K. C. Petruk Induction and Intracellular Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apotosis in Human Malignant Glioma Cells Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(3): 1162 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Eggert, M. A. Grotzer, T. J. Zuzak, B. R. Wiewrodt, R. Ho, N. Ikegaki, and G. M. Brodeur Resistance to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-induced Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma Cells Correlates with a Loss of Caspase-8 Expression Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1314 - 1319. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Lacour, A. Hammann, A. Wotawa, L. Corcos, E. Solary, and M.-T. Dimanche-Boitrel Anticancer Agents Sensitize Tumor Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand-mediated Caspase-8 Activation and Apoptosis Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1645 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Matsuzaki, B. M. Schmied, A. Ulrich, J. Standop, M. B. Schneider, S. K. Batra, K. S. Picha, and P. M. Pour Combination of Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and Actinomycin D Induces Apoptosis Even in TRAIL-resistant Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 7(2): 407 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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O. Salvucci, M. Carsana, I. Bersani, G. Tragni, and A. Anichini Antiapoptotic Role of Endogenous Nitric Oxide in Human Melanoma Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2001; 61(1): 318 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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