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,§
,§
,§
Divisions of
*
Hematology/Oncology,
Human Cancer Genetics, and
Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, and
§
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
¶
Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
Human NK cells have been shown to produce cytokines (e.g., IFN-
and TNF-
) and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein
(MIP)-1
following stimulation with the combination of two monokines,
IL-15 plus IL-12. The C-C chemokines MIP-1
, MIP-1ß, and RANTES
have been identified as the major soluble macrophage-tropic
HIV-1-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells, which
exert their action at the level of viral entry. Here, we demonstrate
that monokine-activated NK cells, isolated from both normal and
HIV-1+ donors, produce similar amounts of MIP-1
,
MIP-1ß, and RANTES protein, in vitro. Further, supernatants of
monokine-activated NK cells obtained from both normal donors and AIDS
patients showed potent (routinely
90%) suppressive activity against
HIV-1 replication in vitro, compared with unstimulated control
supernatants. NK cell supernatants inhibited both macrophage-tropic
HIV-1NFN-SX and T cell-tropic HIV-1NL43
replication in vitro, but not dual-tropic HIV-189.6.
Importantly, the C-C chemokines MIP-1
, MIP-1ß, and RANTES were
responsible only for a fraction of the HIV-1-suppressive activity
exhibited by NK cell supernatants against macrophage-tropic HIV-1.
Collectively these data indicate that NK cells from normal and
HIV-1+ donors produce C-C chemokines and other unidentified
factors that can inhibit both macrophage- and T cell-tropic HIV-1
replication in vitro. Since NK cells can be expanded in patients with
HIV-1, AIDS, and AIDS malignancy in vivo, this cell type may have an
important role in the in vivo regulation of HIV-1
infection.
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