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Department of Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523
A vertebrate host becomes infected with Leishmania
major when the sand fly vector injects parasites into skin
along with saliva. Previous studies showed that salivary gland lysate
of the New World sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis markedly
enhanced L. major infection in CBA mice. However,
L. major is an Old World parasite transmitted in nature
by the Old World sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. Here we
examine the ability of P. papatasi salivary gland lysate
to enhance infection (lesion size and parasite burden) by L.
major. In addition, we examine the effects of salivary gland
lysate on the immune response to L. major by monitoring
the levels of cytokine mRNA from the lymph nodes draining cutaneous
lesions. We found that P. papatasi salivary gland lysate
dramatically exacerbated lesion development in disease-resistant CBA
mice. This exacerbation of disease correlated with inhibition of the
production of Th1 cytokines and associated factors (IFN-
, IL-12, and
inducible nitric oxide synthase), but with enhancement of the Th2
cytokine IL-4, whereas no changes in the levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß
were noted. Importantly, salivary gland lysate directly up-regulated
expression of IL-4 mRNA in mice in the absence of infection with
L. major.
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