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*Substance via MeSH
Medline Plus Health Information
*Leishmaniasis
The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161: 5571-5577.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

Phlebotomus papatasi Sand Fly Salivary Gland Lysate Down-Regulates a Th1, but Up-Regulates a Th2, Response in Mice Infected with Leishmania major1

M. Lamine Mbow, Julie A. Bleyenberg, Laurie R. Hall2 and Richard G. Titus3

Department of Pathology, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523

A vertebrate host becomes infected with Leishmania major when the sand fly vector injects parasites into skin along with saliva. Previous studies showed that salivary gland lysate of the New World sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis markedly enhanced L. major infection in CBA mice. However, L. major is an Old World parasite transmitted in nature by the Old World sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. Here we examine the ability of P. papatasi salivary gland lysate to enhance infection (lesion size and parasite burden) by L. major. In addition, we examine the effects of salivary gland lysate on the immune response to L. major by monitoring the levels of cytokine mRNA from the lymph nodes draining cutaneous lesions. We found that P. papatasi salivary gland lysate dramatically exacerbated lesion development in disease-resistant CBA mice. This exacerbation of disease correlated with inhibition of the production of Th1 cytokines and associated factors (IFN-{gamma}, IL-12, and inducible nitric oxide synthase), but with enhancement of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, whereas no changes in the levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß were noted. Importantly, salivary gland lysate directly up-regulated expression of IL-4 mRNA in mice in the absence of infection with L. major.




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