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The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 160: 3585-3593.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Are the First and Major Producers of TNF-{alpha} in Pancreatic Islets in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse

Eva Dahlén1, Kim Dawe, Lennart Ohlsson and Gunnar Hedlund

Pharmacia & Upjohn, Lund Research Center, Lund, Sweden

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and serves as an animal model for human type I diabetes. TNF-{alpha} is known to be produced by islet-infiltrating mononuclear cells during insulitis and subsequent ß cell destruction and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Previously, T cells have been suggested as the main source of TNF-{alpha} in the islet infiltrate. However, on immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-{alpha} expression in islets, we are able to show that the staining pattern of TNF-{alpha} resembles that of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (M{phi}) rather than T cells and that TNF-{alpha} is expressed in islets at the very early stages of insulitis when no T cells are detected. On double staining for TNF-{alpha} and cell surface markers, we can demonstrate that TNF-{alpha} staining clearly correlates with DC and M{phi}, whereas there is a poor correlation with T cells. This feature was observed at both early and late stages of insulitis. TNF-{alpha} expression was also seen in NOD-SCID islets, in addition to a peri-islet infiltration consisting of DC and M{phi}, indicating that T cells are not required for the early DC and M{phi} infiltration and TNF-{alpha} expression in islets. In conclusion, our results show that DC and M{phi} are the major, early source of TNF-{alpha} in the NOD islet infiltrate and that TNF-{alpha} can be expressed independently of T cells, indicating that the early DC and M{phi} infiltration and expression of TNF-{alpha} are crucial in initiation of diabetes.




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