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Retroviral Immunology Section, Division of Viral Products and
Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Hematologic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
Gene gun-mediated DNA vaccination stimulates an immune response
characterized by the activation of IgG-secreting B cells and
IFN-
-secreting T cells. To monitor the contribution of cells at the
site of vaccination to this process, transfected skin was periodically
removed and grafted onto naive recipients. Immediate removal of
vaccinated skin abrogated the development of an immune response.
Low-level IgG production was stimulated when the vaccination site was
left in place for 
5 h, with the strength of this response increasing
the longer the site remained intact (for up to 2 wk). Measurable
primary T cell responses were observed in animals whose vaccination
site remained in place for 1 day. Skin grafts transferred 0 to
24 h postvaccination stimulated a primary immune response in naive
recipients. Memory B and T cells were generated in animals whose site
of vaccination remained intact for 5 to 12 h. Skin transferred
within 12 h of vaccination triggered memory B and T cell
development in graft recipients, while the removal of skin >12 h
postvaccination did not reduce memory in vaccinated mice. These
findings suggest that 1) primary immunity is induced by cells that
migrate rapidly from the site of immunization, 2) nonmigratory cells
influence the magnitude of this primary response, and 3) migratory
cells alone are responsible for the induction of immunologic memory.
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