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The Vasoactive Peptide Maxadilan from Sand Fly Saliva Inhibits TNF- and Induces IL-6 by Mouse Macrophages Through Interaction with the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Receptor¹

Milena B. P. Soares^*, Richard G. Titus, Charles B. Shoemaker^*, John R. David^* and Marcelo Bozza^2,*

^* Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523

Maxadilan is a vasodilatory peptide encoded by a gene cloned from Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands. In this study we investigated the effects of maxadilan on macrophage functions. Maxadilan treatment of LPS-stimulated BALB/c macrophages inhibited TNF- release but increased IL-6. Further, it also induced IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner from unstimulated macrophages. Maxadilan increased production of PGE₂, and the inhibition of TNF- was completely abrogated by indomethacin. Others have recently shown that maxadilan is a selective agonist of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) type I receptor. Treatment with the receptor antagonist PACAP 6–38 blocked maxadilan activities on macrophages. The natural endogenous ligand, PACAP 38, had the same effects as maxadilan on TNF- and IL-6 production. Finally, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, maxadilan induced the intracellular accumulation of cAMP in macrophages. Taken together, the results presented here indicate a modulatory effect of ligands of PACAP type I receptor on cytokine production by macrophages and suggest that activation of this receptor, with the subsequent elevation of intracellular cAMP in macrophages, could participate in a negative-feedback mechanism that controls certain inflammatory responses.

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