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The Journal of Immunology, 1998, 160: 6032-6038.
Copyright © 1998 by The American Association of Immunologists

Influenza A Virus-Induced IFN-{alpha}/ß and IL-18 Synergistically Enhance IFN-{gamma} Gene Expression in Human T Cells1

Timo Sareneva2,*, Sampsa Matikainen*, Masashi Kurimoto{dagger} and Ilkka Julkunen*

* Department of Virology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; and {dagger} Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Okayama, Japan

T cells contribute significantly the to host’s early defense against viral and bacterial infections and are essential for clearance of the pathogen. IFN-{gamma}, a product of activated T and NK cells, has, in addition to its direct antimicrobial activity, a major role in activating cell-mediated immunity. Here we report that cytokines secreted by influenza A virus-infected macrophages are able to induce IFN-{gamma} synthesis in human T cells. Influenza A virus-infected human peripheral macrophages secreted IFN-{alpha}/ß, TNF-{alpha}, IL-1ß, and a recently identified cytokine, IL-18 (or IFN-{gamma}-inducing factor), whereas the production of IL-12 was not detected. Supernatants collected from virus-infected macrophages induced rapid IFN-{gamma} mRNA expression and protein production in T cells. This was down-regulated by the addition of neutralizing anti-IFN-{alpha}/ß Abs, whereas neutralizing anti-IL-12 Abs had no effect on IFN-{gamma} gene expression. Exogenously added IFN-{alpha}/ß also rapidly stimulated the synthesis of IFN-{gamma} mRNA in T cells independently of protein synthesis. IL-18 synergized with IFN-{alpha} to up-regulate IFN-{gamma} gene expression and protein production. The data suggest that IFN-{alpha}/ß and IL-18 produced by macrophages during virus infection may act together to induce IFN-{gamma} synthesis and, consequently, may play an important role for both of these cytokines in the development of Th1-type immune responses.




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