| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
,
,||,||,||
*
Division of Respiratory Diseases, Toronto Hospital, and Departments of
Medicine,
Biochemistry, and
§
Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
¶
Department of Signal Transduction, Parke Davis Research Division, Warner Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
||
Division of Cell Biology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Exposure of neutrophils to inflammatory stimuli such as the chemoattractant FMLP leads to activation of responses including cell motility, the oxidative burst, and secretion of proteolytic enzymes. A signaling cascade involving sequential activation of Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) is also rapidly activated after agonist exposure. The temporal relationship between these events suggests that the kinases may be involved in triggering the effector functions, but direct evidence of a causal relationship is lacking. To assess the role of the MEK/ERK pathway in the activation of neutrophil responses, we studied the effects of PD098059, a potent and selective inhibitor of MEK. Preincubation of human neutrophils with 50 µM PD098059 almost completely (>90%) inhibited the FMLP-induced activation of MEK-1 and MEK-2, the isoforms expressed by neutrophils. This dose of PD098059 virtually abrogated chemoattractant-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of ERK-1 and ERK-2, implying that MEKs are the predominant upstream activators of these mitogen-activated protein kinases. Pretreatment of neutrophils with the MEK antagonist inhibited the oxidative burst substantially and phagocytosis only moderately. In addition, PD098059 antagonized the delay of apoptosis induced by exposure to granulocyte-macrophage CSF. However, the effects of PD098059 were selective, as it failed to inhibit other responses, including chemoattractant-induced exocytosis of primary and secondary granules, polymerization of F-actin, chemotaxis, or activation of phospholipase A2. We conclude that MEK and ERK contribute to the activation of the oxidative burst and phagocytosis, and participate in cytokine regulation of apoptosis.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Daryadel, S. Yousefi, D. Troi, I. Schmid, J. Schmidt-Mende, C. Mordasini, C. A. Dahinden, A. Ziemiecki, and H.-U. Simon RhoH/TTF Negatively Regulates Leukotriene Production in Neutrophils J. Immunol., May 15, 2009; 182(10): 6527 - 6532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Garcia-Garcia, G. Nieto-Castaneda, M. Ruiz-Saldana, N. Mora, and C. Rosales Fc{gamma}RIIA and Fc{gamma}RIIIB Mediate Nuclear Factor Activation through Separate Signaling Pathways in Human Neutrophils J. Immunol., April 15, 2009; 182(8): 4547 - 4556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bluml, B. Rosc, A. Lorincz, M. Seyerl, S. Kirchberger, O. Oskolkova, V. N. Bochkov, O. Majdic, E. Ligeti, and J. Stockl The Oxidation State of Phospholipids Controls the Oxidative Burst in Neutrophil Granulocytes J. Immunol., September 15, 2008; 181(6): 4347 - 4353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Fielding, R. M. McLoughlin, L. McLeod, C. S. Colmont, M. Najdovska, D. Grail, M. Ernst, S. A. Jones, N. Topley, and B. J. Jenkins IL-6 Regulates Neutrophil Trafficking during Acute Inflammation via STAT3 J. Immunol., August 1, 2008; 181(3): 2189 - 2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Qian, K. S. Tan, S.-J. Wei, H.-M. Wu, Z. Xu, B. Wilson, R.-B. Lu, J.-S. Hong, and P. M. Flood Microglia-Mediated Neurotoxicity Is Inhibited by Morphine through an Opioid Receptor-Independent Reduction of NADPH Oxidase Activity J. Immunol., July 15, 2007; 179(2): 1198 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Cloutier, T. Ear, E. Blais-Charron, C. M. Dubois, and P. P. McDonald Differential involvement of NF-{kappa}B and MAP kinase pathways in the generation of inflammatory cytokines by human neutrophils J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2007; 81(2): 567 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Crawford, C. V. Aylott, R. W. Bourdeau, and G. M. Bokoch Bacillus anthracis Toxins Inhibit Human Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Activity. J. Immunol., June 15, 2006; 176(12): 7557 - 7565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Harfi, F. Corazza, S. D'Hondt, and E. Sariban Differential Calcium Regulation of Proinflammatory Activities in Human Neutrophils Exposed to the Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Protein J. Immunol., September 15, 2005; 175(6): 4091 - 4102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Zhou and B. Roizman Characterization of a Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Designed To Enter Cells via the IL13R{alpha}2 Receptor of Malignant Glioma Cells J. Virol., May 1, 2005; 79(9): 5272 - 5277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Fuhler, G. J. Knol, A. L. Drayer, and E. Vellenga Impaired interleukin-8- and GRO{alpha}-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase result in decreased migration of neutrophils from patients with myelodysplasia J. Leukoc. Biol., February 1, 2005; 77(2): 257 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Rosales, J. D. Ernst, J. Hallows, and K.-Y. Lee GTP-dependent Secretion from Neutrophils Is Regulated by Cdk5 J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 2004; 279(52): 53932 - 53936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. T. Kneass and R. B. Marchase Neutrophils Exhibit Rapid Agonist-induced Increases in Protein-associated O-GlcNAc J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 45759 - 45765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Harfi, S. D'Hondt, F. Corazza, and E. Sariban Regulation of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Functions by the Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide after Activation of MAPKs J. Immunol., September 15, 2004; 173(6): 4154 - 4163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Kasper, E. Brandt, S. Bulfone-Paus, and F. Petersen Platelet factor 4 (PF-4)-induced neutrophil adhesion is controlled by src-kinases, whereas PF-4-mediated exocytosis requires the additional activation of p38 MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Blood, March 1, 2004; 103(5): 1602 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Meshki, F. Tuluc, O. Bredetean, Z. Ding, and S. P. Kunapuli Molecular mechanism of nucleotide-induced primary granule release in human neutrophils: role for the P2Y2 receptor Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): C264 - C271. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kutsuna, K. Suzuki, N. Kamata, T. Kato, F. Hato, K. Mizuno, H. Kobayashi, M. Ishii, and S. Kitagawa Actin reorganization and morphological changes in human neutrophils stimulated by TNF, GM-CSF, and G-CSF: the role of MAP kinases Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): C55 - C64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Chen, D. W. Powell, M. J. Rane, S. Singh, W. Butt, J. B. Klein, and K. R. McLeish Akt Phosphorylates p47phox and Mediates Respiratory Burst Activity in Human Neutrophils J. Immunol., May 15, 2003; 170(10): 5302 - 5308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zhong, K. Jiang, D. L. Gilvary, P. K. Epling-Burnette, C. Ritchey, J. Liu, R. J. Jackson, E. Hong-Geller, and S. Wei Human neutrophils utilize a Rac/Cdc42-dependent MAPK pathway to direct intracellular granule mobilization toward ingested microbial pathogens Blood, April 15, 2003; 101(8): 3240 - 3248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Fuhler, A. L. Drayer, and E. Vellenga Decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in neutrophils from patients with myelodysplasia Blood, February 1, 2003; 101(3): 1172 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Han, M. Fuortes, and C. Nathan Critical Role of the Carboxyl Terminus of Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase (Pyk2) in the Activation of Human Neutrophils by Tumor Necrosis Factor: Separation of Signals for the Respiratory Burst and Degranulation J. Exp. Med., January 6, 2003; 197(1): 63 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Garcia-Garcia and C. Rosales Signal transduction during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2002; 72(6): 1092 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Y. Channon, K. A. Miselis, L. A. Minns, C. Dutta, and L. H. Kasper Toxoplasma gondii Induces Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Secretion by Human Fibroblasts: Implications for Neutrophil Apoptosis Infect. Immun., November 1, 2002; 70(11): 6048 - 6057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Silliman, E. E. Moore, G. Zallen, R. Gonzalez, J. L. Johnson, D. J. Elzi, X. Meng, K. Hanasaki, J. Ishizaki, H. Arita, et al. Presence of the M-type sPLA2 receptor on neutrophils and its role in elastase release and adhesion Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): C1102 - C1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Huber-Lang, E. M. Younkin, J. V. Sarma, S. R. McGuire, K. T. Lu, R. F. Guo, V. A. Padgaonkar, J. T. Curnutte, R. Erickson, and P. A. Ward Complement-Induced Impairment of Innate Immunity During Sepsis J. Immunol., September 15, 2002; 169(6): 3223 - 3231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Rosenberger and B. B. Finlay Macrophages Inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium Replication through MEK/ERK Kinase and Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Activities J. Biol. Chem., May 17, 2002; 277(21): 18753 - 18762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rubel, G. C. Fernandez, F. A. Rosa, S. Gomez, M. B. Bompadre, O. A. Coso, M. A. Isturiz, and M. S. Palermo Soluble Fibrinogen Modulates Neutrophil Functionality Through the Activation of an Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-Dependent Pathway J. Immunol., April 1, 2002; 168(7): 3527 - 3535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Ouadrhiri, C. Pilette, R. C. Monteiro, J.-P. Vaerman, and Y. Sibille Effect of IgA on Respiratory Burst and Cytokine Release by Human Alveolar Macrophages . Role of ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and NF-kappa B Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., March 1, 2002; 26(3): 315 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Mansfield, V. Hinkovska-Galcheva, S. S. Carey, J. A. Shayman, and L. A. Boxer Regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte degranulation and oxidant production by ceramide through inhibition of phospholipase D Blood, February 15, 2002; 99(4): 1434 - 1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Piganelli, S. C. Flores, C. Cruz, J. Koepp, I. Batinic-Haberle, J. Crapo, B. Day, R. Kachadourian, R. Young, B. Bradley, et al. A Metalloporphyrin-Based Superoxide Dismutase Mimic Inhibits Adoptive Transfer of Autoimmune Diabetes by a Diabetogenic T-Cell Clone Diabetes, February 1, 2002; 51(2): 347 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. O. Hannigan, L. Zhan, Y. Ai, A. Kotlyarov, M. Gaestel, and C.-K. Huang Abnormal Migration Phenotype of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2-/- Neutrophils in Zigmond Chambers Containing Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine Gradients J. Immunol., October 1, 2001; 167(7): 3953 - 3961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ibata-Ombetta, T. Jouault, P.-A. Trinel, and D. Poulain Role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in macrophage killing of Candida albicans J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2001; 70(1): 149 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Elzi, A. J. Bjornsen, T. MacKenzie, T. H. Wyman, and C. C. Silliman Ionomycin causes activation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): C350 - C360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-C. Chang and J.-P. Wang Signal transduction pathways for activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by arachidonic acid in rat neutrophils J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2001; 69(4): 659 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kim and M. C. Dinauer Rac2 Is an Essential Regulator of Neutrophil Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Activation in Response to Specific Signaling Pathways J. Immunol., January 15, 2001; 166(2): 1223 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. KETTRITZ, A. SCHREIBER, F. C. LUFT, and H. HALLER Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Activation of Human Neutrophils by Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2001; 12(1): 37 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Abraham, J. Arcaroli, and R. Shenkar Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases, NF-{{kappa}}B, and Cyclic Adenosine 5'-Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein in Lung Neutrophils Occurs by Differing Mechanisms After Hemorrhage or Endotoxemia J. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 166(1): 522 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ali, J. Ahamed, C. Hernandez-Munain, J. L. Baron, M. S. Krangel, and D. D. Patel Chemokine Production by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activation in a Human Mast Cell Line: Roles of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and NFAT J. Immunol., December 15, 2000; 165(12): 7215 - 7223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Mancuso and M. Peters-Golden Modulation of Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis by Leukotrienes Is Fc Receptor-Mediated and Protein Kinase C-Dependent Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2000; 23(6): 727 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kruger, J. R. Butler, V. Cherapanov, Q. Dong, H. Ginzberg, A. Govindarajan, S. Grinstein, K. A. Siminovitch, and G. P. Downey Deficiency of Src Homology 2-Containing Phosphatase 1 Results in Abnormalities in Murine Neutrophil Function: Studies in Motheaten Mice J. Immunol., November 15, 2000; 165(10): 5847 - 5859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Dewas, M. Fay, M.-A. Gougerot-Pocidalo, and J. El-Benna The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Pathway Is Involved in formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine-Induced p47phox Phosphorylation in Human Neutrophils J. Immunol., November 1, 2000; 165(9): 5238 - 5244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. D. McGilvray, L. Serghides, A. Kapus, O. D. Rotstein, and K. C. Kain Nonopsonic monocyte/macrophage phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes: a role for CD36 in malarial clearance Blood, November 1, 2000; 96(9): 3231 - 3240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Y. Coxon, M. J. Rane, D. W. Powell, J. B. Klein, and K. R. McLeish Differential Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Stimulation by Fc{gamma} Receptor IIa and Fc{gamma} Receptor IIIb Determines the Activation Phenotype of Human Neutrophils J. Immunol., June 15, 2000; 164(12): 6530 - 6537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. T. Lynch, M. A. Giembycz, I. Daniels, P. J. Barnes, and M. A. Lindsay Pleiotropic role of lyn kinase in leukotriene B4-induced eosinophil activation Blood, June 1, 2000; 95(11): 3541 - 3547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mocsai, Z. Jakus, T. Vantus, G. Berton, C. A. Lowell, and E. Ligeti Kinase Pathways in Chemoattractant-Induced Degranulation of Neutrophils: The Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activated by Src Family Kinases J. Immunol., April 15, 2000; 164(8): 4321 - 4331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Albanyan, J. G. Vallejo, C. W. Smith, and M. S. Edwards Nonopsonic Binding of Type III Group B Streptococci to Human Neutrophils Induces Interleukin-8 Release Mediated by the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Infect. Immun., April 1, 2000; 68(4): 2053 - 2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Mansfield, J. A. Shayman, and L. A. Boxer Regulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis by myosin light chain kinase after activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase Blood, April 1, 2000; 95(7): 2407 - 2412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Miura and D. W. MacGlashan Jr. Dual Phase Priming by IL-3 for Leukotriene C4 Generation in Human Basophils: Difference in Characteristics Between Acute and Late Priming Effects J. Immunol., March 15, 2000; 164(6): 3026 - 3034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Perskvist, L. Zheng, and O. Stendahl Activation of Human Neutrophils by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra Involves Phospholipase C{gamma}2, Shc Adapter Protein, and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase J. Immunol., January 15, 2000; 164(2): 959 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Sotsios, G. C. Whittaker, J. Westwick, and S. G. Ward The CXC Chemokine Stromal Cell-Derived Factor Activates a Gi-Coupled Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase in T Lymphocytes J. Immunol., December 1, 1999; 163(11): 5954 - 5963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Lian, R. Huang, D. Robinson, and J. A. Badwey Activation of p90RSK and cAMP Response Element Binding Protein in Stimulated Neutrophils: Novel Effects of the Pyridinyl Imidazole SB 203580 on Activation of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Cascade J. Immunol., October 15, 1999; 163(8): 4527 - 4536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Boehme, S. K. Sullivan, P. D. Crowe, M. Santos, P. J. Conlon, P. Sriramarao, and K. B. Bacon Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Eotaxin-Induced Eosinophil Migration J. Immunol., August 1, 1999; 163(3): 1611 - 1618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Heuertz, S. M. Tricomi, U. R. Ezekiel, and R. O. Webster C-reactive Protein Inhibits Chemotactic Peptide-induced p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activity and Human Neutrophil Movement J. Biol. Chem., June 18, 1999; 274(25): 17968 - 17974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Biberstine-Kinkade, L. Yu, and M. C. Dinauer Mutagenesis of an Arginine- and Lysine-rich Domain in the gp91phox Subunit of the Phagocyte NADPH-oxidase Flavocytochrome b558 J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 1999; 274(15): 10451 - 10457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Dong, K. A. Siminovitch, L. Fialkow, T. Fukushima, and G. P. Downey Negative Regulation of Myeloid Cell Proliferation and Function by the SH2 Domain-Containing Tyrosine Phosphatase-1 J. Immunol., March 15, 1999; 162(6): 3220 - 3230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tardif, M.-J. Rabiet, T. Christophe, M.-D. Milcent, and F. Boulay Isolation and Characterization of a Variant HL60 Cell Line Defective in the Activation of the NADPH Oxidase by Phorbol Myristate Acetate J. Immunol., December 15, 1998; 161(12): 6885 - 6895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Huang, J. P. Lian, D. Robinson, and J. A. Badwey Neutrophils Stimulated with a Variety of Chemoattractants Exhibit Rapid Activation of p21-Activated Kinases (Paks): Separate Signals Are Required for Activation and Inactivation of Paks Mol. Cell. Biol., December 1, 1998; 18(12): 7130 - 7138. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Lian, R. Huang, D. Robinson, and J. A. Badwey Products of Sphingolipid Catabolism Block Activation of the p21-Activated Protein Kinases in Neutrophils J. Immunol., October 15, 1998; 161(8): 4375 - 4381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Ward, M. Nakamura, and K. R. McLeish Priming of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst Involves p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Exocytosis of Flavocytochrome b558-containing Granules J. Biol. Chem., November 17, 2000; 275(47): 36713 - 36719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-i. Lee, K. Miura, X. Liu, and J. L. Zweier Biphasic Regulation of Leukocyte Superoxide Generation by Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2000; 275(50): 38965 - 38972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
