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The Journal of Immunology, Vol 159, Issue 5 2212-2221, Copyright © 1997 by American Association of Immunologists

ARTICLES

IL-6 triggers cell growth via the Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade

A Ogata, D Chauhan, G Teoh, SP Treon, M Urashima, RL Schlossman and KC Anderson
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

IL-6 mediates growth of some human multiple myeloma (MM) cells and IL-6- dependent cell lines. Although three IL-6 signaling pathways (STAT1, STAT3, and Ras-dependent MAPK cascade) have been reported, cascades mediating IL-6-triggered growth of MM cells and cell lines are not defined. In this study, we therefore characterized IL-6 signaling cascades in MM cell lines, MM patient cells, and IL-6-dependent B9 cells to determine which pathway mediates IL-6-dependent growth. IL-6 induced phosphorylation of JAK kinases and gp130, regardless of the proliferative response of MM cells to this growth factor. Accordingly, we next examined downstream IL-6 signaling via the STAT3, STAT1, and Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. IL-6 triggered phosphorylation of STAT1 and/or STAT3 in MM cells independent of their proliferative response to IL-6. In contrast, IL-6 induced phosphorylation of Shc and its association with Sos1, as well as phosphorylation of MAPK, only in MM cells and B9 cells that proliferated in response to IL-6. Moreover, MAPK antisense, but not sense, oligonucleotide inhibited IL-6-induced proliferation of these cells. These data suggest that STAT1 and/or STAT3 activation may occur independently of the proliferative response to IL-6, and that activation of the MAPK cascade is an important distal pathway for IL-6- mediated growth.


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M. M. Oshiro, T. H. Landowski, R. Catlett-Falcone, L. A. Hazlehurst, M. Huang, R. Jove, and W. S. Dalton
Inhibition of JAK Kinase Activity Enhances Fas-mediated Apoptosis but Reduces Cytotoxic Activity of Topoisomerase II Inhibitors in U266 Myeloma Cells
Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 4262 - 4271.
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J.-h. Hsu, Y. Shi, S. Krajewski, S. Renner, M. Fisher, J. C. Reed, T. F. Franke, and A. Lichtenstein
The AKT kinase is activated in multiple myeloma tumor cells
Blood, November 1, 2001; 98(9): 2853 - 2855.
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K. Podar, Y.-T. Tai, F. E. Davies, S. Lentzsch, M. Sattler, T. Hideshima, B. K. Lin, D. Gupta, Y. Shima, D. Chauhan, et al.
Vascular endothelial growth factor triggers signaling cascades mediating multiple myeloma cell growth and migration
Blood, July 15, 2001; 98(2): 428 - 435.
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T. Hideshima, P. Richardson, D. Chauhan, V. J. Palombella, P. J. Elliott, J. Adams, and K. C. Anderson
The Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 Inhibits Growth, Induces Apoptosis, and Overcomes Drug Resistance in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells
Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 61(7): 3071 - 3076.
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M. A. Frassanito, A. Cusmai, G. Iodice, and F. Dammacco
Autocrine interleukin-6 production and highly malignant multiple myeloma: relation with resistance to drug-induced apoptosis
Blood, January 15, 2001; 97(2): 483 - 489.
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O. Hjertner, H. Hjorth-Hansen, M. Borset, C. Seidel, A. Waage, and A. Sundan
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells
Blood, January 15, 2001; 97(2): 516 - 522.
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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
S.-L. Zhang, W. DuBois, E. S. Ramsay, V. Bliskovski, H. C. Morse III, L. Taddesse-Heath, W. C. Vass, R. A. DePinho, and B. A. Mock
Efficiency Alleles of the Pctr1 Modifier Locus for Plasmacytoma Susceptibility
Mol. Cell. Biol., January 1, 2001; 21(1): 310 - 318.
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 FASEB J.Home page
S. A. JONES, S. HORIUCHI, N. TOPLEY, N. YAMAMOTO, and G. M. FULLER
The soluble interleukin 6 receptor: mechanisms of production and implications in disease
FASEB J, January 1, 2001; 15(1): 43 - 58.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
A. Badache and N. E. Hynes
Interleukin 6 Inhibits Proliferation and, in Cooperation with an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Autocrine Loop, Increases Migration of T47D Breast Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., January 1, 2001; 61(1): 383 - 391.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 ASH Education BookHome page
W. S. Dalton, P. L. Bergsagel, W. M. Kuehl, K. C. Anderson, and J. L. Harousseau
Multiple Myeloma
Hematology, January 1, 2001; 2001(1): 157 - 177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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Y. Tu, A. Gardner, and A. Lichtenstein
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Kinase Pathway in Multiple Myeloma Plasma Cells: Roles in Cytokine-dependent Survival and Proliferative Responses
Cancer Res., December 1, 2000; 60(23): 6763 - 6770.
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R. Rawat, G. J. Rainey, C. D. Thompson, M. R. Frazier-Jessen, R. T. Brown, and R. P. Nordan
Constitutive activation of STAT3 is associated with the acquisition of an interleukin 6-independent phenotype by murine plasmacytomas and hybridomas
Blood, November 15, 2000; 96(10): 3514 - 3521.
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T. Hideshima, D. Chauhan, Y. Shima, N. Raje, F. E. Davies, Y.-T. Tai, S. P. Treon, B. Lin, R. L. Schlossman, P. Richardson, et al.
Thalidomide and its analogs overcome drug resistance of human multiple myeloma cells to conventional therapy
Blood, November 1, 2000; 96(9): 2943 - 2950.
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N.-L. Ge and S. Rudikoff
Insulin-like growth factor I is a dual effector of multiple myeloma cell growth
Blood, October 15, 2000; 96(8): 2856 - 2861.
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 Cancer Res.Home page
M. Ogawa, T. Nishiura, K. Oritani, H. Yoshida, M. Yoshimura, Y. Okajima, J. Ishikawa, K. Hashimoto, I. Matsumura, Y. Tomiyama, et al.
Cytokines Prevent Dexamethasone-induced Apoptosis via the Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathways in a New Multiple Myeloma Cell Line
Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(15): 4262 - 4269.
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N. Raje and K. C. Anderson
Introduction: the evolving role of bisphosphonate therapy in multiple myeloma
Blood, July 15, 2000; 96(2): 381 - 383.
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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
S. Renner, J. Weisz, S. Krajewski, M. Krajewska, J. C. Reed, and A. Lichtenstein
Expression of BAX in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2000; 6(6): 2371 - 2380.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
T. Hideshima, D. Chauhan, G. Teoh, N. Raje, S. P. Treon, Y.-T. Tai, Y. Shima, and K. C. Anderson
Characterization of Signaling Cascades Triggered by Human Interleukin-6 versus Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus-encoded Viral Interleukin 6
Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2000; 6(3): 1180 - 1189.
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E. E. Plowright, Z. Li, P. L. Bergsagel, M. Chesi, D. L. Barber, D. R. Branch, R. G. Hawley, and A. K. Stewart
Ectopic expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 promotes myeloma cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis
Blood, February 1, 2000; 95(3): 992 - 998.
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G. Teoh, Y.-T. Tai, M. Urashima, S. Shirahama, M. Matsuzaki, D. Chauhan, S. P. Treon, N. Raje, T. Hideshima, Y. Shima, et al.
CD40 activation mediates p53-dependent cell cycle regulation in human multiple myeloma cell lines
Blood, February 1, 2000; 95(3): 1039 - 1046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
S. Rivest, S. Lacroix, L. Vallières, S. Nadeau, J. Zhang, and N. Laflamme
How the Blood Talks to the Brain Parenchyma and the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus During Systemic Inflammatory and Infectious Stimuli
Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2000; 223(1): 22 - 38.
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K. C. Anderson, R. A. Kyle, W. S. Dalton, T. Landowski, K. Shain, R. Jove, L. Hazlehurst, and J. Berenson
Multiple Myeloma: New Insights and Therapeutic Approaches
Hematology, January 1, 2000; 2000(1): 147 - 165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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N. Raje, J. Gong, D. Chauhan, G. Teoh, D. Avigan, Z. Wu, D. Chen, S. P. Treon, I. J. Webb, D. W. Kufe, et al.
Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cells From Patients With Multiple Myeloma Are Phenotypically and Functionally Normal Despite the Detection of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus Gene Sequences
Blood, March 1, 1999; 93(5): 1487 - 1495.
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W Liu, A. Akhand, M Kato, I Yokoyama, T Miyata, K Kurokawa, K Uchida, and I Nakashima
4-hydroxynonenal triggers an epidermal growth factor receptor-linked signal pathway for growth inhibition
J. Cell Sci., January 7, 1999; 112(14): 2409 - 2417.
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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
C. WIDMANN, S. GIBSON, M. B. JARPE, and G. L. JOHNSON
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase: Conservation of a Three-Kinase Module From Yeast to Human
Physiol Rev, January 1, 1999; 79(1): 143 - 180.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. K. Sengupta, E. S. Talbot, P. A. Scherle, and L. B. Ivashkiv
Rapid inhibition of interleukin-6 signaling and Stat3 activation mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases
PNAS, September 15, 1998; 95(19): 11107 - 11112.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Ferlin-Bezombes, M. Jourdan, J. Liautard, J. Brochier, J.-F. Rossi, and B. Klein
IFN-{alpha} Is a Survival Factor for Human Myeloma Cells and Reduces Dexamethasone-Induced Apoptosis
J. Immunol., September 15, 1998; 161(6): 2692 - 2699.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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M. Hallek, P. Leif Bergsagel, and K. C. Anderson
Multiple Myeloma: Increasing Evidence for a Multistep Transformation Process
Blood, January 1, 1998; 91(1): 3 - 21.
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D. Chauhan, P. Pandey, T. Hideshima, S. Treon, N. Raje, F. E. Davies, Y. Shima, Y.-T. Tai, S. Rosen, S. Avraham, et al.
SHP2 Mediates the Protective Effect of Interleukin-6 against Dexamethasone-induced Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells
J. Biol. Chem., September 1, 2000; 275(36): 27845 - 27850.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. M. Hermanns, S. Radtke, F. Schaper, P. C. Heinrich, and I. Behrmann
Non-redundant Signal Transduction of Interleukin-6-type Cytokines. THE ADAPTER PROTEIN Shc IS SPECIFICALLY RECRUITED TO THE ONCOSTATIN M RECEPTOR
J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 40742 - 40748.
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