|
|
||||||||
The Journal of Immunology, Vol 156, Issue 5 1810-1817, Copyright © 1996 by American Association of Immunologists
ARTICLES |
MP Stewart, C Cabanas and N Hogg
Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK.
Many leukocyte integrins require activation before they can adhere to their ligands. For example, stimulation of T cells enables the integrin LFA-1 to bind to ligand. This study compares two well known protocols for inducing T cell LFA-1 mediated adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM)-1. We how that treatment with high concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ induces a high affinity state of LFA-1, which is reflected in the binding of soluble ICAM-1 and correlates with the expression of the epitope recognized by mAb 24. The second stimulation protocol with the phorbol ester phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) does not induce a high affinity state of LFA-1, and in this situation, adhesion is dependent on cell spreading and intracellular events involving protein kinase C, [Ca2+]i, and actin polymerization. These low affinity LFA-1 receptors are responsible for the initial contact with immobilized ligand because, unlike the Mg2+-stimulated receptors, adhesion is not blocked by soluble ICAM-1. Finally, we used a third method of inducing LFA-1-mediated adhesion by stimulation of T cells through the TCR/CD3 complex. This procedure, which is considered to be a more physiologic trigger for LFA-1 activation, resembles the phorbol ester protocol in that high affinity LFA-1 receptors are not induced and cell adhesion depends on involvement of the cytoskeleton and cell spreading.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L. Huang, M. Shimaoka, I. J. Rondon, I. Roy, Q. Chang, M. Po, D. T. Dransfield, R. C. Ladner, A. S. B. Edge, A. Salas, et al. Identification and characterization of a human monoclonal antagonistic antibody AL-57 that preferentially binds the high-affinity form of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2006; 80(4): 905 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Shimaoka, M. Kim, E. H. Cohen, W. Yang, N. Astrof, D. Peer, A. Salas, A. Ferrand, and T. A. Springer AL-57, a ligand-mimetic antibody to integrin LFA-1, reveals chemokine-induced affinity up-regulation in lymphocytes PNAS, September 19, 2006; 103(38): 13991 - 13996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-j. Kim, A. M. Nair, S. Fernandez, L. Mathes, and M. D. Lairmore Enhancement of LFA-1-Mediated T Cell Adhesion by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I1 J. Immunol., May 1, 2006; 176(9): 5463 - 5470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. C. Fagerholm, T. J. Hilden, S. M. Nurmi, and C. G. Gahmberg Specific integrin {alpha} and {beta} chain phosphorylations regulate LFA-1 activation through affinity-dependent and -independent mechanisms J. Cell Biol., November 21, 2005; 171(4): 705 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. O. Eniola, E. F. Krasik, L. A. Smith, G. Song, and D. A. Hammer I-Domain of Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 Mediates Rolling of Polystyrene Particles on ICAM-1 under Flow Biophys. J., November 1, 2005; 89(5): 3577 - 3588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Huang, D. D. Norton, P. Precht, J. L. Martindale, J. K. Burkhardt, and R. L. Wange Deficiency of ADAP/Fyb/SLAP-130 Destabilizes SKAP55 in Jurkat T Cells J. Biol. Chem., June 24, 2005; 280(25): 23576 - 23583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Kim, C. V. Carman, W. Yang, A. Salas, and T. A. Springer The primacy of affinity over clustering in regulation of adhesiveness of the integrin {alpha}L{beta}2 J. Cell Biol., December 20, 2004; 167(6): 1241 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Xie, M. Shimaoka, T. Xiao, P. Schwab, L. B. Klickstein, and T. A. Springer The integrin {alpha}-subunit leg extends at a Ca2+-dependent epitope in the thigh/genu interface upon activation PNAS, October 26, 2004; 101(43): 15422 - 15427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Vitte, A. Pierres, A.-M. Benoliel, and P. Bongrand Direct quantification of the modulation of interaction between cell- or surface-bound LFA-1 and ICAM-1 J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 76(3): 594 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Goda, A. C. Quale, M. L. Woods, A. Felthauser, and Y. Shimizu Control of TCR-Mediated Activation of {beta}1 Integrins by the ZAP-70 Tyrosine Kinase Interdomain B Region and the Linker for Activation of T Cells Adapter Protein J. Immunol., May 1, 2004; 172(9): 5379 - 5387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. M. Richards, S. L. Dalheimer, M. I. Hertz, and D. L. Mueller Trachea Allograft Class I Molecules Directly Activate and Retain CD8+ T Cells That Cause Obliterative Airways Disease J. Immunol., December 15, 2003; 171(12): 6919 - 6928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Hogg, M. Laschinger, K. Giles, and A. McDowall T-cell integrins: more than just sticking points J. Cell Sci., December 1, 2003; 116(23): 4695 - 4705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. P. Wojcikiewicz, X. Zhang, A. Chen, and V. T. Moy Contributions of molecular binding events and cellular compliance to the modulation of leukocyte adhesion J. Cell Sci., June 15, 2003; 116(12): 2531 - 2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. E. Greening, T. I.M. Tree, K. T. Kotowicz, A. G. van Halteren, B. O. Roep, N. J. Klein, and M. Peakman Processing and Presentation of the Islet Autoantigen GAD by Vascular Endothelial Cells Promotes Transmigration of Autoreactive T-Cells Diabetes, March 1, 2003; 52(3): 717 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Xia, G. Borland, J. Huang, I. F. Mizukami, H. R. Petty, R. F. Todd III, and G. D. Ross Function of the Lectin Domain of Mac-1/Complement Receptor Type 3 (CD11b/CD18) in Regulating Neutrophil Adhesion J. Immunol., December 1, 2002; 169(11): 6417 - 6426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
X. Zhang, E. Wojcikiewicz, and V. T. Moy Force Spectroscopy of the Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Interaction Biophys. J., October 1, 2002; 83(4): 2270 - 2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. M. T. de Bruyn, S. Rangarajan, K. A. Reedquist, C. G. Figdor, and J. L. Bos The Small GTPase Rap1 Is Required for Mn2+- and Antibody-induced LFA-1- and VLA-4-mediated Cell Adhesion J. Biol. Chem., August 9, 2002; 277(33): 29468 - 29476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. C. Porter, M. Bracke, A. Smith, D. Davies, and N. Hogg Signaling Through Integrin LFA-1 Leads to Filamentous Actin Polymerization and Remodeling, Resulting in Enhanced T Cell Adhesion J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6330 - 6335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. K. Griffiths and J. M. Penninger ADAP-ting TCR Signaling to Integrins Sci. Signal., April 9, 2002; 2002(127): re3 - re3. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Rodriguez-Fernandez, L. Sanchez-Martin, C. A. de Frutos, D. Sancho, M. Robinson, F. Sanchez-Madrid, and C. Cabanas LFA-1 integrin and the microtubular cytoskeleton are involved in the Ca2+-mediated regulation of the activity of the tyrosine kinase PYK2 in T cells J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2002; 71(3): 520 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. Hyduk and M. I. Cybulsky {alpha}4 Integrin Signaling Activates Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Stimulates T Cell Adhesion to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 to a Similar Extent As CD3, but Induces a Distinct Rearrangement of the Actin Cytoskeleton J. Immunol., January 15, 2002; 168(2): 696 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. R. Beals, A. C. Edwards, R. J. Gottschalk, T. W. Kuijpers, and D. E. Staunton CD18 Activation Epitopes Induced by Leukocyte Activation J. Immunol., December 1, 2001; 167(11): 6113 - 6122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. M. Morgan, C. M. Labno, G. A. Van Seventer, M. F. Denny, D. B. Straus, and J. K. Burkhardt Superantigen-Induced T Cell:B Cell Conjugation Is Mediated by LFA-1 and Requires Signaling Through Lck, But Not ZAP-70 J. Immunol., November 15, 2001; 167(10): 5708 - 5718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. S.C. Weber, G. Ostermann, A. Zernecke, A. Schroder, L. B. Klickstein, and C. Weber Dual Role of H-Ras in Regulation of Lymphocyte Function Antigen-1 Activity by Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1alpha : Implications for Leukocyte Transmigration Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 3074 - 3086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. J. Peterson, M. L. Woods, S. A. Dmowski, G. Derimanov, M. S. Jordan, J. N. Wu, P. S. Myung, Q.-H. Liu, J. T. Pribila, B. D. Freedman, et al. Coupling of the TCR to Integrin Activation by SLAP-130/Fyb Science, September 21, 2001; 293(5538): 2263 - 2265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. R. Woska Jr., D.-t. Shih, V. R. Taqueti, N. Hogg, T. A. Kelly, and T. K. Kishimoto A small-molecule antagonist of LFA-1 blocks a conformational change important for LFA-1 function J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2001; 70(2): 329 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. L. Woods and Y. Shimizu Signaling networks regulating {beta}1 integrin-mediated adhesion of T lymphocytes to extracellular matrix J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2001; 69(6): 874 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Lu, M. Ferzly, J. Takagi, and T. A. Springer Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to the C-Terminal Region of the Integrin {{beta}}2 Subunit Reveals Regions that Become Exposed Upon Receptor Activation J. Immunol., May 1, 2001; 166(9): 5629 - 5637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Kito, K. Morishita, and K. Nishida MCP-1 receptor binding affinity is up-regulated by pre-stimulation with MCP-1 in an actin polymerization-dependent manner J. Leukoc. Biol., April 1, 2001; 69(4): 666 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
L. Airas, J. Niemela, and S. Jalkanen CD73 Engagement Promotes Lymphocyte Binding to Endothelial Cells Via a Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., November 15, 2000; 165(10): 5411 - 5417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Huang, D. Tilly, A. Altman, K. Sugie, and H. M. Grey Inaugural Article: T-cell receptor antagonists induce Vav phosphorylation by selective activation of Fyn kinase PNAS, September 26, 2000; 97(20): 10923 - 10929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Grabovsky, S. Feigelson, C. Chen, D. A. Bleijs, A. Peled, G. Cinamon, F. Baleux, F. Arenzana-Seisdedos, T. Lapidot, Y. van Kooyk, et al. Subsecond Induction of {alpha}4 Integrin Clustering by Immobilized Chemokines Stimulates Leukocyte Tethering and Rolling on Endothelial Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 under Flow Conditions J. Exp. Med., August 14, 2000; 192(4): 495 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Sigal, D. A. Bleijs, V. Grabovsky, S. J. van Vliet, O. Dwir, C. G. Figdor, Y. van Kooyk, and R. Alon The LFA-1 Integrin Supports Rolling Adhesions on ICAM-1 Under Physiological Shear Flow in a Permissive Cellular Environment J. Immunol., July 1, 2000; 165(1): 442 - 452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Leitinger and N. Hogg Effects of I Domain Deletion on the Function of the beta 2 Integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2000; 11(2): 677 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. R. Chan, S. J. Hyduk, and M. I. Cybulsky {alpha}4{beta}1 Integrin/VCAM-1 Interaction Activates {alpha}L{beta}2 Integrin-Mediated Adhesion to ICAM-1 in Human T Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2000; 164(2): 746 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. A. Jenks and J. Miller Inhibition of IL-4 Responses After T Cell Priming in the Context of LFA-1 Costimulation Is Not Reversed by Restimulation in the Presence of CD28 Costimulation J. Immunol., January 1, 2000; 164(1): 72 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. G. Filep, C. Zouki, N. A. Petasis, M. Hachicha, and C. N. Serhan Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Lipoxin A4 Stable Analogs Are Demonstrable in Human Whole Blood: Modulation of Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules and Inhibition of Neutrophil-Endothelial Interactions Blood, December 15, 1999; 94(12): 4132 - 4142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Tanaka, Y. Minami, S. Mine, H. Hirano, C.-D. Hu, H. Fujimoto, K. Fujii, K. Saito, J. Tsukada, Y. van Kooyk, et al. H-Ras Signals to Cytoskeletal Machinery in Induction of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion of T Cells J. Immunol., December 1, 1999; 163(11): 6209 - 6216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. D. M. Soede, M. H. E. Driessens, L. Ruuls-Van Stalle, P. E. M. Van Hulten, A. Brink, and E. Roos LFA-1 to LFA-1 Signals Involve {zeta}-Associated Protein-70 (ZAP-70) Tyrosine Kinase: Relevance for Invasion and Migration of a T Cell Hybridoma J. Immunol., October 15, 1999; 163(8): 4253 - 4261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. van Kooyk, S. J. van Vliet, and C. G. Figdor The Actin Cytoskeleton Regulates LFA-1 Ligand Binding through Avidity Rather than Affinity Changes J. Biol. Chem., September 17, 1999; 274(38): 26869 - 26877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Shenoi, J. Seavitt, A. Zheleznyak, M. L. Thomas, and E. J. Brown Regulation of Integrin-Mediated T Cell Adhesion by the Transmembrane Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 J. Immunol., June 15, 1999; 162(12): 7120 - 7127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Kotovuori, T. Pessa-Morikawa, P. Kotovuori, P. Nortamo, and C. G. Gahmberg ICAM-2 and a Peptide from Its Binding Domain Are Efficient Activators of Leukocyte Adhesion and Integrin Affinity J. Immunol., June 1, 1999; 162(11): 6613 - 6620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Rodríguez-Fernández, M. Gómez, A. Luque, N. Hogg, F. Sánchez-Madrid, and C. Cabañas The Interaction of Activated Integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1 with Ligand Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Induces Activation and Redistribution of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 in T Lymphocytes Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 1999; 10(6): 1891 - 1907. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. A. Rey-Ladino, M. Huber, L. Liu, J. E. Damen, G. Krystal, and F. Takei The SH2-Containing Inositol-5'-Phosphatase Enhances LFA-1-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Defines Two Signaling Pathways for LFA-1 Activation J. Immunol., May 15, 1999; 162(10): 5792 - 5799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Geginat, G. Bossi, J. R. Bender, and R. Pardi Anchorage Dependence of Mitogen-Induced G1 to S Transition in Primary T Lymphocytes J. Immunol., May 1, 1999; 162(9): 5085 - 5093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. S.C. Weber, L. B. Klickstein, and C. Weber Specific Activation of Leukocyte beta 2 Integrins Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 and Mac-1 by Chemokines Mediated by Distinct Pathways via the alpha Subunit Cytoplasmic Domains Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 1999; 10(4): 861 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
A. W. O'Regan, G. L. Chupp, J. A. Lowry, M. Goetschkes, N. Mulligan, and J. S. Berman Osteopontin Is Associated with T Cells in Sarcoid Granulomas and Has T Cell Adhesive and Cytokine-Like Properties In Vitro J. Immunol., January 15, 1999; 162(2): 1024 - 1031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Chen, J. L. Mobley, O. Dwir, F. Shimron, V. Grabovsky, R. R. Lobb, Y. Shimizu, and R. Alon High Affinity Very Late Antigen-4 Subsets Expressed on T Cells Are Mandatory for Spontaneous Adhesion Strengthening But Not for Rolling on VCAM-1 in Shear Flow J. Immunol., January 15, 1999; 162(2): 1084 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Volkov, A. Long, and D. Kelleher Inside the Crawling T Cell: Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 Cross-Linking Is Associated with Microtubule-Directed Translocation of Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes {beta}(I) and {delta} J. Immunol., December 15, 1998; 161(12): 6487 - 6495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. M. O'Rourke, H. Shao, and J. Kaye Cutting Edge: A Role for p21ras/MAP Kinase in TCR-Mediated Activation of LFA-1 J. Immunol., December 1, 1998; 161(11): 5800 - 5803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Tangemann, M. D. Gunn, P. Giblin, and S. D. Rosen A High Endothelial Cell-Derived Chemokine Induces Rapid, Efficient, and Subset-Selective Arrest of Rolling T Lymphocytes on a Reconstituted Endothelial Substrate J. Immunol., December 1, 1998; 161(11): 6330 - 6337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. McDowall, B. Leitinger, P. Stanley, P. A. Bates, A. M. Randi, and N. Hogg The I Domain of Integrin Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 Is Involved in a Conformational Change Leading to High Affinity Binding to Ligand Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) J. Biol. Chem., October 16, 1998; 273(42): 27396 - 27403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. S. Resnick, B.-S. Kang, D. Luu, J. T. Wickham, J. J. Sando, and C. S. Hahn Differential Downstream Functions of Protein Kinase Ceta and -theta in EL4 Mouse Thymoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., October 16, 1998; 273(42): 27654 - 27661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Tominaga, Y. Kita, A. Satoh, S. Asai, K. Kato, K. Ishikawa, T. Horiuchi, and T. Takashi Affinity and Kinetic Analysis of the Molecular Interaction of ICAM-1 and Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 J. Immunol., October 15, 1998; 161(8): 4016 - 4022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. C. Romzek, E. S. Harris, C. L. Dell, J. Skronek, E. Hasse, P. J. Reynolds, S. W. Hunt III, and Y. Shimizu Use of a beta 1 Integrin-deficient Human T Cell to Identify beta 1 Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Sequences Critical for Integrin Function Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 1998; 9(10): 2715 - 2727. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
R. Gerli, C. Paolucci, P. Gresele, O. Bistoni, S. Fiorucci, C. Muscat, S. Belia, A. Bertotto, and V. Costantini Salicylates Inhibit Adhesion and Transmigration of T Lymphocytes by Preventing Integrin Activation Induced by Contact With Endothelial Cells Blood, October 1, 1998; 92(7): 2389 - 2398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. E. Labadia, D. D. Jeanfavre, G. O. Caviness, and M. M. Morelock Molecular Regulation of the Interaction Between Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 and Soluble ICAM-1 by Divalent Metal Cations J. Immunol., July 15, 1998; 161(2): 836 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Tanaka, S. Mine, C. G. Figdor, A. Wake, H. Hirano, J. Tsukada, M. Aso, K. Fujii, K. Saito, Y. van Kooyk, et al. Constitutive Chemokine Production Results in Activation of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 on Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells Blood, May 15, 1998; 91(10): 3909 - 3919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. L. Jones, U. G. Knaus, G. M. Bokoch, and E. J. Brown Two Signaling Mechanisms for Activation of alpha Mbeta 2 Avidity in Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils J. Biol. Chem., April 24, 1998; 273(17): 10556 - 10566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. R. Woska Jr., M. M. Morelock, D. D. Jeanfavre, G. O. Caviness, B.-J. Bormann, and R. Rothlein Molecular Comparison of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (sICAM)-1 and sICAM-3 Binding to Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-1 J. Biol. Chem., February 20, 1998; 273(8): 4725 - 4733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. P. Stewart, A. McDowall, and N. Hogg LFA-1-mediated Adhesion Is Regulated by Cytoskeletal Restraint and by a Ca2+-dependent Protease, Calpain J. Cell Biol., February 9, 1998; 140(3): 699 - 707. [Abstract] |