The JI PBL Intereron Source
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ferguson, S. E.
Right arrow Articles by Thompson, C. B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ferguson, S. E.
Right arrow Articles by Thompson, C. B.

The Journal of Immunology, Vol 156, Issue 12 4576-4581, Copyright © 1996 by American Association of Immunologists

ARTICLES

CD28 is required for germinal center formation

SE Ferguson, S Han, G Kelsoe and CB Thompson
Department of Medicine, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the T cell costimulatory molecule, CD28, is important in the development of humoral immunity. CD28-deficient mice exhibit defects in isotype switching and are more susceptible to pathogens that depend on an effective Ab response. To determine the basis of these defects, we have examined B cell responses of CD28-deficient mice at the microenvironmental level. Early in a normal T-dependent immune response, small numbers of B cells undergo activation in the T cell-rich zone of secondary lymphoid tissues and then migrate to B cell areas. These migrant B cells found developing germinal centers by proliferative expansion, during which individual cells acquire mutations in their rearranged Ig genes. B cell mutants retaining higher affinities for Ag undergo positive selection in germinal centers, resulting in the establishment of the memory B cell compartment. In the present study, we demonstrate that although potentially Ag-reactive cells within the lymphoid follicle accumulate following antigenic challenge, these cells fail to undergo proliferative expansion to form germinal centers and do not acquire somatic mutations in CD28-deficient animals. Thus, the CD28 activation pathway is required for Ab responses to T-dependent Ags. cell compartment. In the present study, we demonstrate that although potentially Ag-reactive cells within the lymphoid follicle accumulate following antigenic challenge, these cells fail to undergo proliferative expansion to form germinal centers and do not acquire somatic mutations in CD28-deficient animals. Thus, the CD28 activation pathway is required for Ab responses to T-dependent Ags.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Fink, N. Manjarrez-Orduno, A. Schildknecht, J. Weber, B. M. Senn, R. M. Zinkernagel, and H. Hengartner
B Cell Activation State-Governed Formation of Germinal Centers following Viral Infection
J. Immunol., November 1, 2007; 179(9): 5877 - 5885.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. Bossaller, J. Burger, R. Draeger, B. Grimbacher, R. Knoth, A. Plebani, A. Durandy, U. Baumann, M. Schlesier, A. A. Welcher, et al.
ICOS Deficiency Is Associated with a Severe Reduction of CXCR5+CD4 Germinal Center Th Cells
J. Immunol., October 1, 2006; 177(7): 4927 - 4932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
L. D. Friend, D. D. Shah, C. Deppong, J. Lin, T. L. Bricker, T. I. Juehne, C. M. Rose, and J. M. Green
A dose-dependent requirement for the proline motif of CD28 in cellular and humoral immunity revealed by a targeted knockin mutant
J. Exp. Med., September 4, 2006; 203(9): 2121 - 2133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. P. Chappell and J. Jacob
Identification of memory B cells using a novel transgenic mouse model.
J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 4706 - 4715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H. Akiba, K. Takeda, Y. Kojima, Y. Usui, N. Harada, T. Yamazaki, J. Ma, K. Tezuka, H. Yagita, and K. Okumura
The Role of ICOS in the CXCR5+ Follicular B Helper T Cell Maintenance In Vivo
J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2340 - 2348.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
N. Zhang and Y.-W. He
The Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-xL Is Dispensable for the Development of Effector and Memory T Lymphocytes
J. Immunol., June 1, 2005; 174(11): 6967 - 6973.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
R. Sacedon, B. Diez, V. Nunez, C. Hernandez-Lopez, C. Gutierrez-Frias, T. Cejalvo, S. V. Outram, T. Crompton, A. G. Zapata, A. Vicente, et al.
Sonic Hedgehog Is Produced by Follicular Dendritic Cells and Protects Germinal Center B Cells from Apoptosis
J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1456 - 1461.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. M. Krawczyk, R. G. Jones, A. Atfield, K. Bachmaier, S. Arya, B. Odermatt, P. S. Ohashi, and J. M. Penninger
Differential Control of CD28-Regulated In Vivo Immunity by the E3 Ligase Cbl-b
J. Immunol., February 1, 2005; 174(3): 1472 - 1478.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
M. Yamamoto, T. Nojima, K. Hayashi, R. Goitsuka, K. Furukawa, T. Azuma, and D. Kitamura
BASH-deficient mice: limited primary repertoire and antibody formation, but sufficient affinity maturation and memory B cell generation, in anti-NP response
Int. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 16(8): 1161 - 1171.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Xiao, J. Hendriks, P. Langerak, H. Jacobs, and J. Borst
CD27 Is Acquired by Primed B Cells at the Centroblast Stage and Promotes Germinal Center Formation
J. Immunol., June 15, 2004; 172(12): 7432 - 7441.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. R. Podojil, N. W. Kin, and V. M. Sanders
CD86 and {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling Pathways, Respectively, Increase Oct-2 and OCA-B Expression and Binding to the 3'-IgH Enhancer in B Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 28, 2004; 279(22): 23394 - 23404.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
W.-K. Suh, A. Tafuri, N. N. Berg-Brown, A. Shahinian, S. Plyte, G. S. Duncan, H. Okada, A. Wakeham, B. Odermatt, P. S. Ohashi, et al.
The Inducible Costimulator Plays the Major Costimulatory Role in Humoral Immune Responses in the Absence of CD28
J. Immunol., May 15, 2004; 172(10): 5917 - 5923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
N. N. Berg-Brown, M. A. Gronski, R. G. Jones, A. R. Elford, E. K. Deenick, B. Odermatt, D. R. Littman, and P. S. Ohashi
PKC{theta} Signals Activation versus Tolerance In Vivo
J. Exp. Med., March 15, 2004; 199(6): 743 - 752.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
K. Kuwahara, S. Fujimura, Y. Takahashi, N. Nakagata, T. Takemori, S. Aizawa, and N. Sakaguchi
Germinal center-associated nuclear protein contributes to affinity maturation of B cell antigen receptor in T cell-dependent responses
PNAS, January 27, 2004; 101(4): 1010 - 1015.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. Ali, M. Weinreich, S. Balcaitis, C. J. Cooper, and P. J. Fink
Differential Regulation of Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Tolerance Induced by Deletion and TCR Revision
J. Immunol., December 1, 2003; 171(11): 6290 - 6296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. M. Beck, M. B. Blackmon, C. M. Rose, S. L. Kimzey, A. M. Preston, and J. M. Green
T Cell Costimulatory Molecule Function Determines Susceptibility to Infection with Pneumocystis carinii in Mice
J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 1969 - 1977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
S.-C. Wong, E. Oh, C.-H. Ng, and K.-P. Lam
Impaired germinal center formation and recall T-cell-dependent immune responses in mice lacking the costimulatory ligand B7-H2
Blood, August 15, 2003; 102(4): 1381 - 1388.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
Y. Miyahira, M. Katae, S. Kobayashi, T. Takeuchi, Y. Fukuchi, R. Abe, K. Okumura, H. Yagita, and T. Aoki
Critical Contribution of CD28-CD80/CD86 Costimulatory Pathway to Protection from Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Infect. Immun., June 1, 2003; 71(6): 3131 - 3137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. M. Lumsden, J. A. Williams, and R. J. Hodes
Differential Requirements for Expression of CD80/86 and CD40 on B Cells for T-Dependent Antibody Responses In Vivo
J. Immunol., January 15, 2003; 170(2): 781 - 787.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
C. S. Schmidt, J. Liu, T. Zhang, H. Y. Song, G. Sandusky, K. Mintze, R. J. Benschop, A. Glasebrook, D. D. Yang, and S. Na
Enhanced B Cell Expansion, Survival, and Humoral Responses by Targeting Death Receptor 6
J. Exp. Med., January 6, 2003; 197(1): 51 - 62.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. Gardby, J. Wrammert, K. Schon, L. Ekman, T. Leanderson, and N. Lycke
Strong Differential Regulation of Serum and Mucosal IgA Responses as Revealed in CD28-Deficient Mice Using Cholera Toxin Adjuvant
J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 55 - 63.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. S. K. Walker, H. E. Wiggett, F. M. C. Gaspal, C. R. Raykundalia, M. D. Goodall, K.-M. Toellner, and P. J. L. Lane
Established T Cell-Driven Germinal Center B Cell Proliferation Is Independent of CD28 Signaling but Is Tightly Regulated Through CTLA-4
J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 91 - 98.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. N. Vallejo, E. Bryl, K. Klarskov, S. Naylor, C. M. Weyand, and J. J. Goronzy
Molecular Basis for the Loss of CD28 Expression in Senescent T Cells
J. Biol. Chem., November 27, 2002; 277(49): 46940 - 46949.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
E. Flano, I.-J. Kim, D. L. Woodland, and M. A. Blackman
{gamma}-Herpesvirus Latency Is Preferentially Maintained in Splenic Germinal Center and Memory B Cells
J. Exp. Med., November 18, 2002; 196(10): 1363 - 1372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Lazetic, S. R. Leong, J. C-C. Chang, R. Ong, G. Dawes, and J. Punnonen
Chimeric Co-stimulatory Molecules That Selectively Act through CD28 or CTLA-4 on Human T Cells
J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 2002; 277(41): 38660 - 38668.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Gray Parkin, R. P. Stephan, R.-G. Apilado, D. A. Lill-Elghanian, K. P. Lee, B. Saha, and P. L. Witte
Expression of CD28 by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Its Involvement in B Lymphopoiesis
J. Immunol., September 1, 2002; 169(5): 2292 - 2302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
J. E. Christensen, J. P. Christensen, N. N. Kristensen, N. J. V. Hansen, A. Stryhn, and A. R. Thomsen
Role of CD28 co-stimulation in generation and maintenance of virus-specific T cells
Int. Immunol., July 1, 2002; 14(7): 701 - 711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
G. Rajagopalan, M. K. Smart, E. V. Marietta, and C. S. David
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced activation and concomitant resistance to cell death in CD28-deficient HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice
Int. Immunol., July 1, 2002; 14(7): 801 - 812.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
L. Liang, E. M. Porter, and W. C. Sha
Constitutive Expression of the B7h Ligand for Inducible Costimulator on Naive B Cells Is Extinguished after Activation by Distinct B Cell Receptor and Interleukin 4 Receptor-mediated Pathways and Can Be Rescued by CD40 Signaling
J. Exp. Med., July 1, 2002; 196(1): 97 - 108.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
M. J. Ekkens, Z. Liu, Q. Liu, A. Foster, J. Whitmire, J. Pesce, A. H. Sharpe, J. F. Urban, and W. C. Gause
Memory Th2 Effector Cells Can Develop in the Absence of B7-1/B7-2, CD28 Interactions, and Effector Th Cells After Priming with an Intestinal Nematode Parasite
J. Immunol., June 15, 2002; 168(12): 6344 - 6351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
A. G. Wingren, R. Hadzic, A. Forsgren, and K. Riesbeck
The Novel IgD Binding Protein from Moraxella catarrhalis Induces Human B Lymphocyte Activation and Ig Secretion in the Presence of Th2 Cytokines
J. Immunol., June 1, 2002; 168(11): 5582 - 5588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
I.-J. Kim, E. Flano, D. L. Woodland, and M. A. Blackman
Antibody-Mediated Control of Persistent {gamma}-Herpesvirus Infection
J. Immunol., April 15, 2002; 168(8): 3958 - 3964.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Virol.Home page
J. J. Goronzy, J. W. Fulbright, C. S. Crowson, G. A. Poland, W. M. O'Fallon, and C. M. Weyand
Value of Immunological Markers in Predicting Responsiveness to Influenza Vaccination in Elderly Individuals
J. Virol., December 15, 2001; 75(24): 12182 - 12187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
D. J. Driver, L. J. McHeyzer-Williams, M. Cool, D. B. Stetson, and M. G. McHeyzer-Williams
Development and Maintenance of a B220- Memory B Cell Compartment
J. Immunol., August 1, 2001; 167(3): 1393 - 1405.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
V. M. Lentz and T. Manser
Cutting Edge: Germinal Centers Can Be Induced in the Absence of T Cells
J. Immunol., July 1, 2001; 167(1): 15 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Dong, U.-A. Temann, and R. A. Flavell
Cutting Edge: Critical Role of Inducible Costimulator in Germinal Center Reactions
J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 3659 - 3662.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. Pechhold, N. B. Patterson, C. Blum, C. L. Fleischacker, B. O. Boehm, and D. M. Harlan
Low Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rat Insulin Promoter-mCD80-Transgenic Mice Is T Cell Autoantigen-Specific and CD28 Dependent
J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2531 - 2539.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. J. McMahan and P. J. Fink
Receptor Revision in Peripheral T Cells Creates a Diverse V{beta} Repertoire
J. Immunol., December 15, 2000; 165(12): 6902 - 6907.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. L. Gaglia, E. A. Greenfield, A. Mattoo, A. H. Sharpe, G. J. Freeman, and V. K. Kuchroo
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Is Critical for Activation of CD28-Deficient T Cells
J. Immunol., December 1, 2000; 165(11): 6091 - 6098.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H. Zan, Z. Li, K. Yamaji, P. Dramitinos, A. Cerutti, and P. Casali
B Cell Receptor Engagement and T Cell Contact Induce bcl-6 Somatic Hypermutation in Human B Cells: Identity with Ig Hypermutation
J. Immunol., July 15, 2000; 165(2): 830 - 839.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. Flano, S. M. Husain, J. T. Sample, D. L. Woodland, and M. A. Blackman
Latent Murine {gamma}-Herpesvirus Infection Is Established in Activated B Cells, Dendritic Cells, and Macrophages
J. Immunol., July 15, 2000; 165(2): 1074 - 1081.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
S. J. McSorley and M. K. Jenkins
Antibody Is Required for Protection against Virulent but Not Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
Infect. Immun., June 1, 2000; 68(6): 3344 - 3348.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
C. G. de Vinuesa, M. C. Cook, J. Ball, M. Drew, Y. Sunners, M. Cascalho, M. Wabl, G. G.B. Klaus, and I. C.M. MacLennan
Germinal Centers without T Cells
J. Exp. Med., February 7, 2000; 191(3): 485 - 494.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H.-W. Mittrucker, A. Kohler, T. W. Mak, and S. H. E. Kaufmann
Critical Role of CD28 in Protective Immunity Against Salmonella typhimurium
J. Immunol., December 15, 1999; 163(12): 6769 - 6776.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
L. S.K. Walker, A. Gulbranson-Judge, S. Flynn, T. Brocker, C. Raykundalia, M. Goodall, R. Forster, M. Lipp, and P. Lane
Compromised OX40 Function in CD28-deficient Mice Is Linked with Failure to Develop CXC Chemokine Receptor 5-positive CD4 Cells and Germinal Centers
J. Exp. Med., October 18, 1999; 190(8): 1115 - 1122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
D. Yin, L. Zhang, R. Wang, L. Radvanyi, C. Haudenschild, Q. Fang, M. R. Kehry, and Y. Shi
Ligation of CD28 In Vivo Induces CD40 Ligand Expression and Promotes B Cell Survival
J. Immunol., October 15, 1999; 163(8): 4328 - 4334.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
S. Ingvarsson, K. Dahlenborg, R. Carlsson, and C. A. K. Borrebaeck
Co-ligation of CD44 on naive human tonsillar B cells induces progression towards a germinal center phenotype
Int. Immunol., May 1, 1999; 11(5): 739 - 744.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
H. Zan, A. Cerutti, P. Dramitinos, A. Schaffer, Z. Li, and P. Casali
Induction of Ig Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switching in a Human Monoclonal IgM+ IgD+ B Cell Line In Vitro: Definition of the Requirements and Modalities of Hypermutation
J. Immunol., March 15, 1999; 162(6): 3437 - 3447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
A. Agarwal, B. P. Nayak, and K. V. S. Rao
B Cell Responses to a Peptide Epitope. VII. Antigen-Dependent Modulation of the Germinal Center Reaction
J. Immunol., December 1, 1998; 161(11): 5832 - 5841.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
U. G. Wagner, P. J. Kurtin, A. Wahner, M. Brackertz, D. J. Berry, J. J. Goronzy, and C. M. Weyand
The Role of CD8+ CD40L+ T Cells in the Formation of Germinal Centers in Rheumatoid Synovitis
J. Immunol., December 1, 1998; 161(11): 6390 - 6397.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Johnson-Leger, J. R. Christenson, M. Holman, and G. G. B. Klaus
Evidence for a Critical Role for IL-2 in CD40-Mediated Activation of Naive B Cells by Primary CD4 T Cells
J. Immunol., November 1, 1998; 161(9): 4618 - 4626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
E. Gardby, P. Lane, and N. Y. Lycke
Requirements for B7-CD28 Costimulation in Mucosal IgA Responses: Paradoxes Observed in CTLA4-H{gamma}1 Transgenic Mice
J. Immunol., July 1, 1998; 161(1): 49 - 59.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. Kato, N. Motoyama, I. Taniuchi, H. Takeshita, M. Toyoda, K. Masuda, and T. Watanabe
Affinity Maturation in Lyn Kinase-Deficient Mice with Defective Germinal Center Formation
J. Immunol., May 15, 1998; 160(10): 4788 - 4795.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
Y. Wu, Q. Zhou, P. Zheng, and Y. Liu
CD28-independent Induction of T Helper Cells and Immunoglobulin Class Switches Requires Costimulation by the Heat-stable Antigen
J. Exp. Med., April 6, 1998; 187(7): 1151 - 1156.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
H. Nishina, M. Bachmann, A. J. Oliveira-dos-Santos, I. Kozieradzki, K. D. Fischer, B. Odermatt, A. Wakeham, A. Shahinian, H. Takimoto, A. Bernstein, et al.
Impaired CD28-mediated Interleukin 2 Production and Proliferation in Stress Kinase SAPK/ERK1 Kinase (SEK1)/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4 (MKK4)-deficient T Lymphocytes
J. Exp. Med., September 15, 1997; 186(6): 941 - 953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
T. Fukuda, T. Yoshida, S. Okada, M. Hatano, T. Miki, K. Ishibashi, S. Okabe, H. Koseki, S. Hirosawa, M. Taniguchi, et al.
Disruption of the Bcl6 Gene Results in an Impaired Germinal Center Formation
J. Exp. Med., August 4, 1997; 186(3): 439 - 448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Website Copyright © 1996 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved.
All Contents Copyright © 1996 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved.