The JI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
 

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Liu, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, K. W.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Liu, Y.
Right arrow Articles by Moore, K. W.

The Journal of Immunology, Vol 152, Issue 4 1821-1829, Copyright © 1994 by American Association of Immunologists

ARTICLES

Expression cloning and characterization of a human IL-10 receptor

Y Liu, SH Wei, AS Ho, R de Waal Malefyt and KW Moore
Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304.

cDNA clones encoding a human IL-10R (hIL-10R) from a Burkitt lymphoma cell line, BJAB, express a 90 to 110 kDa polypeptide in COS7 cells that binds hIL-10 specifically. The predicted amino acid sequence of hIL-10R is 60% identical and 73% similar to mouse IL-10R (mIL-10R). rIL-10R expressed in an IL-3-dependent mouse pro-B cell line (Ba/F3) binds hIL- 10 with high affinity (200 to 250 pM), and the transfected cells exhibit a proliferative response to hIL-10. Mouse IL-10 does not bind to hIL-10R, and hIL-10R-expressing Ba/F3 cells do not respond to the mouse cytokine, observations consistent with the known species specificity of IL-10. Expression of hIL-10R mRNA seems to be restricted mainly to human hemopoietic cells and cell lines. In a number of human T cell clones, expression of hIL-10R mRNA is down-regulated after activation of the cells with anti-CD3 Ab and phorbol ester. The hIL-10R gene is on human chromosome 11. Like mIL-10R, hIL-10R is structurally related to IFNR. Because IL-10 inhibits macrophage activation by IFN- gamma, this relationship suggests possible shared receptor or signal transduction pathway components.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
G. Deniz, G. Erten, U. C. Kucuksezer, D. Kocacik, C. Karagiannidis, E. Aktas, C. A. Akdis, and M. Akdis
Regulatory NK Cells Suppress Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses
J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 850 - 857.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
P. S. Biswas, V. Pedicord, A. Ploss, E. Menet, I. Leiner, and E. G. Pamer
Pathogen-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses Are Directly Inhibited by IL-10
J. Immunol., October 1, 2007; 179(7): 4520 - 4528.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. M. Williams, U. Sarma, K. Willets, T. Smallie, F. Brennan, and B. M. J. Foxwell
Expression of Constitutively Active STAT3 Can Replicate the Cytokine-suppressive Activity of Interleukin-10 in Human Primary Macrophages
J. Biol. Chem., March 9, 2007; 282(10): 6965 - 6975.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
P. M.-C. Dang, C. Elbim, J.-C. Marie, M. Chiandotto, M.-A. Gougerot-Pocidalo, and J. El-Benna
Anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 on human neutrophil respiratory burst involves inhibition of GM-CSF-induced p47PHOX phosphorylation through a decrease in ERK1/2 activity
FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1504 - 1506.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. Rothwell, J. R. Young, R. Zoorob, C. A. Whittaker, P. Hesketh, A. Archer, A. L. Smith, and P. Kaiser
Cloning and Characterization of Chicken IL-10 and Its Role in the Immune Response to Eimeria maxima
J. Immunol., August 15, 2004; 173(4): 2675 - 2682.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Hor, H. Pirzer, L. Dumoutier, F. Bauer, S. Wittmann, H. Sticht, J.-C. Renauld, R. de Waal Malefyt, and H. Fickenscher
The T-cell Lymphokine Interleukin-26 Targets Epithelial Cells through the Interleukin-20 Receptor 1 and Interleukin-10 Receptor 2 Chains
J. Biol. Chem., August 6, 2004; 279(32): 33343 - 33351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
R. P. Donnelly, F. Sheikh, S. V. Kotenko, and H. Dickensheets
The expanded family of class II cytokines that share the IL-10 receptor-2 (IL-10R2) chain
J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 76(2): 314 - 321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
M. Akdis, J. Verhagen, A. Taylor, F. Karamloo, C. Karagiannidis, R. Crameri, S. Thunberg, G. Deniz, R. Valenta, H. Fiebig, et al.
Immune Responses in Healthy and Allergic Individuals Are Characterized by a Fine Balance between Allergen-specific T Regulatory 1 and T Helper 2 Cells
J. Exp. Med., June 7, 2004; 199(11): 1567 - 1575.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. Williams, L. Bradley, A. Smith, and B. Foxwell
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Is the Dominant Mediator of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of IL-10 in Human Macrophages
J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 567 - 576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
Z. S. Boyd, A. Kriatchko, J. Yang, N. Agarwal, M. B. Wax, and R. V. Patil
Interleukin-10 Receptor Signaling through STAT-3 Regulates the Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response to Stress
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2003; 44(12): 5206 - 5211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
K. Asadullah, W. Sterry, and H. D. Volk
Interleukin-10 Therapy--Review of a New Approach
Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2003; 55(2): 241 - 269.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Gasche, P. Grundtner, P. Zwirn, W. Reinisch, S. H. Shaw, A. Zdanov, U. Sarma, L. M. Williams, B. M. Foxwell, and A. Gangl
Novel Variants of the IL-10 Receptor 1 Affect Inhibition of Monocyte TNF-{alpha} Production
J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5578 - 5582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Niemand, A. Nimmesgern, S. Haan, P. Fischer, F. Schaper, R. Rossaint, P. C. Heinrich, and G. Muller-Newen
Activation of STAT3 by IL-6 and IL-10 in Primary Human Macrophages Is Differentially Modulated by Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3
J. Immunol., March 15, 2003; 170(6): 3263 - 3272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
O. Bacellar, H. Lessa, A. Schriefer, P. Machado, A. Ribeiro de Jesus, W. O. Dutra, K. J. Gollob, and E. M. Carvalho
Up-Regulation of Th1-Type Responses in Mucosal Leishmaniasis Patients
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2002; 70(12): 6734 - 6740.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
T. Ikeda, K. Sato, N. Kuwada, T. Matsumura, T. Yamashita, F. Kimura, K. Hatake, K. Ikeda, and K. Motoyoshi
Interleukin-10 differently regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression depending on the environment in a human monoblastic cell line, UG3
J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2002; 72(6): 1198 - 1205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
L. Williams, G. Jarai, A. Smith, and P. Finan
IL-10 expression profiling in human monocytes
J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 72(4): 800 - 809.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. C. Jones, N. J. Logsdon, K. Josephson, J. Cook, P. A. Barry, and M. R. Walter
Crystal structure of human cytomegalovirus IL-10 bound to soluble human IL-10R1
PNAS, July 9, 2002; 99(14): 9404 - 9409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Exp ToxicolHome page
I Y Rosenblum and A D Dayan
Carcinogenicity testing of IL-10: principles and practicalities
Human and Experimental Toxicology, July 1, 2002; 21(7): 347 - 358.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
P. Mathurin, S. Xiong, K. K. Kharbanda, N. Veal, T. Miyahara, K. Motomura, R. A. Rippe, M. G. Bachem, and H. Tsukamoto
IL-10 receptor and coreceptor expression in quiescent and activated hepatic stellate cells
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): G981 - G990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Wang, Z. Tan, R. Zhang, S. V. Kotenko, and P. Liang
Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) Signals through Two Heterodimeric Receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2
J. Biol. Chem., February 22, 2002; 277(9): 7341 - 7347.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Ding, L. Qin, D. Zamarin, S. V. Kotenko, S. Pestka, K. W. Moore, and J. S. Bromberg
Differential IL-10R1 Expression Plays a Critical Role in IL-10-Mediated Immune Regulation
J. Immunol., December 15, 2001; 167(12): 6884 - 6892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
N. Tanuma, H. Shima, K. Nakamura, and K. Kikuchi
Protein tyrosine phosphatase epsilon C selectively inhibits interleukin-6- and interleukin- 10-induced JAK-STAT signaling
Blood, November 15, 2001; 98(10): 3030 - 3034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
L. Crepaldi, S. Gasperini, J. A. Lapinet, F. Calzetti, C. Pinardi, Y. Liu, S. Zurawski, R. de Waal Malefyt, K. W. Moore, and M. A. Cassatella
Up-Regulation of IL-10R1 Expression Is Required to Render Human Neutrophils Fully Responsive to IL-10
J. Immunol., August 15, 2001; 167(4): 2312 - 2322.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
W. Xu, S. R. Presnell, J. Parrish-Novak, W. Kindsvogel, S. Jaspers, Z. Chen, S. R. Dillon, Z. Gao, T. Gilbert, K. Madden, et al.
A soluble class II cytokine receptor, IL-22RA2, is a naturally occurring IL-22 antagonist
PNAS, July 24, 2001; (2001) 171303198.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
H. Itano, B. N. Mora, W. Zhang, J. H. Ritter, T. J. McCarthy, N. S. Yew, T. Mohanakumar, and G. A. Patterson
Lipid-mediated ex vivo gene transfer of viral interleukin 10 in rat lung allotransplantation
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2001; 122(1): 29 - 38.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Circ. Res.Home page
A. Tedgui and Z. Mallat
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Vascular Wall
Circ. Res., May 11, 2001; 88(9): 877 - 887.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
C. Elbim, H. Reglier, M. Fay, C. Delarche, V. Andrieu, J. El Benna, and M.-A. Gougerot-Pocidalo
Intracellular Pool of IL-10 Receptors in Specific Granules of Human Neutrophils: Differential Mobilization by Proinflammatory Mediators
J. Immunol., April 15, 2001; 166(8): 5201 - 5207.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
S. Corinti, C. Albanesi, A. la Sala, S. Pastore, and G. Girolomoni
Regulatory Activity of Autocrine IL-10 on Dendritic Cell Functions
J. Immunol., April 1, 2001; 166(7): 4312 - 4318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
A.-M. O'Farrell, D. A. Parry, F. Zindy, M. F. Roussel, E. Lees, K. W. Moore, and A. L.-F. Mui
Stat3-Dependent Induction of p19INK4D by IL-10 Contributes to Inhibition of Macrophage Proliferation
J. Immunol., May 1, 2000; 164(9): 4607 - 4615.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Josephson, R. DiGiacomo, S. R. Indelicato, A. H. Ayo, T. L. Nagabhushan, M. H. Parker, and M. R. Walter
Design and Analysis of an Engineered Human Interleukin-10 Monomer
J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2000; 275(18): 13552 - 13557.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Virol.Home page
A. Knappe, S. Hör, S. Wittmann, and H. Fickenscher
Induction of a Novel Cellular Homolog of Interleukin-10, AK155, by Transformation of T Lymphocytes with Herpesvirus Saimiri
J. Virol., April 15, 2000; 74(8): 3881 - 3887.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. V. Kotenko, S. Saccani, L. S. Izotova, O. V. Mirochnitchenko, and S. Pestka
Human cytomegalovirus harbors its own unique IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10)
PNAS, February 15, 2000; 97(4): 1695 - 1700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
T. L. Denning, N. A. Campbell, F. Song, R. P. Garofalo, G. R. Klimpel, V. E. Reyes, and P. B. Ernst
Expression of IL-10 receptors on epithelial cells from the murine small and large intestine
Int. Immunol., February 1, 2000; 12(2): 133 - 139.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
Y. Ding, L. Qin, S. V. Kotenko, S. Pestka, and J. S. Bromberg
A Single Amino Acid Determines the Immunostimulatory Activity of Interleukin 10
J. Exp. Med., January 17, 2000; 191(2): 213 - 224.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
K. P. A. MacDonald, A. R. Pettit, C. Quinn, G. J. Thomas, and R. Thomas
Resistance of Rheumatoid Synovial Dendritic Cells to the Immunosuppressive Effects of IL-10
J. Immunol., November 15, 1999; 163(10): 5599 - 5607.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
M. A. Cassatella, S. Gasperini, C. Bovolenta, F. Calzetti, M. Vollebregt, P. Scapini, M. Marchi, R. Suzuki, A. Suzuki, and A. Yoshimura
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Selectively Enhances CIS3/SOCS3 mRNA Expression in Human Neutrophils: Evidence for an IL-10-Induced Pathway That Is Independent of STAT Protein Activation
Blood, October 15, 1999; 94(8): 2880 - 2889.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
K F Chung and P J Barnes
Cytokines in asthma
Thorax, September 1, 1999; 54(9): 825 - 857.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. K. Riley, K. Takeda, S. Akira, and R. D. Schreiber
Interleukin-10 Receptor Signaling through the JAK-STAT Pathway. REQUIREMENT FOR TWO DISTINCT RECEPTOR-DERIVED SIGNALS FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION
J. Biol. Chem., June 4, 1999; 274(23): 16513 - 16521.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int ImmunolHome page
P. Moreau, F. Adrian-Cabestre, C. Menier, V. Guiard, L. Gourand, J. Dausset, E. D. Carosella, and P. Paul
IL-10 selectively induces HLA-G expression in human trophoblasts and monocytes
Int. Immunol., May 1, 1999; 11(5): 803 - 811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. V. Kotenko, L. S. Izotova, O. V. Mirochnitchenko, C. Lee, and S. Pestka
The intracellular domain of interferon-alpha receptor 2c (IFN-alpha R2c) chain is responsible for Stat activation
PNAS, April 27, 1999; 96(9): 5007 - 5012.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BloodHome page
G. Q. Perrin, H. M. Johnson, and P. S. Subramaniam
Mechanism of Interleukin-10 Inhibition of T-Helper Cell Activation by Superantigen at the Level of the Cell Cycle
Blood, January 1, 1999; 93(1): 208 - 216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
P. J. Barnes, K. F. Chung, and C. P. Page
Inflammatory Mediators of Asthma: An Update
Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 1998; 50(4): 515 - 596.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
M.-L. Boulland, V. Meignin, K. Leroy-Viard, C. Copie-Bergman, J. Briere, R. Touitou, P. Kanavaros, and P. Gaulard
Human Interleukin-10 Expression in T/Natural Killer-Cell Lymphomas : Association with Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas and Nasal Natural Killer-Cell Lymphomas
Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 1998; 153(4): 1229 - 1237.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
F. Payvandi, S. Amrute, and P. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly
Exogenous and Endogenous IL-10 Regulate IFN-{alpha} Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to Viral Stimulation
J. Immunol., June 15, 1998; 160(12): 5861 - 5868.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
S. D. Spencer, F. Di Marco, J. Hooley, S. Pitts-Meek, M. Bauer, A. M. Ryan, B. Sordat, V. C. Gibbs, and M. Aguet
The Orphan Receptor CRF2-4 Is an Essential Subunit of the Interleukin 10 Receptor
J. Exp. Med., February 16, 1998; 187(4): 571 - 578.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. Patel, J. M. Herrman, J. C. Timans, and R. A. Kastelein
Functional Replacement of Cytokine Receptor Extracellular Domains by Leucine Zippers
J. Biol. Chem., November 29, 1996; 271(48): 30386 - 30391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. M. Weber-Nordt, J. K. Riley, A. C. Greenlund, K. W. Moore, J. E. Darnell, and R. D. Schreiber
Stat3 Recruitment by Two Distinct Ligand-induced, Tyrosine-phosphorylated Docking Sites in the Interleukin-10 Receptor Intracellular Domain
J. Biol. Chem., November 1, 1996; 271(44): 27954 - 27961.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. V. Kotenko, L. S. Izotova, B. P. Pollack, G. Muthukumaran, K. Paukku, O. Silvennoinen, J. N. Ihle, and S. Pestka
Other Kinases Can Substitute for Jak2 in Signal Transduction by Interferon-gamma
J. Biol. Chem., July 19, 1996; 271(29): 17174 - 17182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C.-F. Lai, J. Ripperger, K. K. Morella, J. Jurlander, T. S. Hawley, W. E. Carson, T. Kordula, M. A. Caligiuri, R. G. Hawley, G. H. Fey, et al.
Receptors for Interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6-type Cytokines Use Similar Signaling Mechanisms for Inducing Transcription through IL-6 Response Elements
J. Biol. Chem., June 14, 1996; 271(24): 13968 - 13975.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Innate ImmunityHome page
M. Arditi, Jin Zhou, and Sheng He Huang
Antibiotic induced bacterial killing activates vascular endothelial cells and whole blood cells: Role of free lipopolysaccharide and soluble CD14
Innate Immunity, June 1, 1996; 3(3): 179 - 185.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Gerhartz, B. Heesel, J. Sasse, U. Hemmann, C. Landgraf, J. Schneider-Mergener, F. Horn, P. C. Heinrich, and L. Graeve
Differential Activation of Acute Phase Response Factor/STAT3 and STAT1 via the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Interleukin 6 Signal Transducer gp130. I. DEFINITION OF A NOVEL PHOSPHOTYROSINE MOTIF MEDIATING STAT1 ACTIVATION
J. Biol. Chem., May 31, 1996; 271(22): 12991 - 12998.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Zhang, Z. Tan, and P. Liang
Identification of a Novel Ligand-Receptor Pair Constitutively Activated by ras Oncogenes
J. Biol. Chem., August 4, 2000; 275(32): 24436 - 24443.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. V. Kotenko, L. S. Izotova, O. V. Mirochnitchenko, E. Esterova, H. Dickensheets, R. P. Donnelly, and S. Pestka
Identification of the Functional Interleukin-22 (IL-22) Receptor Complex. THE IL-10R2 CHAIN (IL-10Rbeta ) IS A COMMON CHAIN OF BOTH THE IL-10 AND IL-22 (IL-10-RELATED T CELL-DERIVED INDUCIBLE FACTOR, IL-TIF) RECEPTOR COMPLEXES
J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2001; 276(4): 2725 - 2732.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
W. Xu, S. R. Presnell, J. Parrish-Novak, W. Kindsvogel, S. Jaspers, Z. Chen, S. R. Dillon, Z. Gao, T. Gilbert, K. Madden, et al.
A soluble class II cytokine receptor, IL-22RA2, is a naturally occurring IL-22 antagonist
PNAS, August 14, 2001; 98(17): 9511 - 9516.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Website Copyright © 1994 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved.
All Contents Copyright © 1994 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved.