The Journal of Immunology, Vol 149, Issue 7 2496-2505, Copyright © 1992 by American Association of Immunologists

ARTICLES

Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in the central nervous system of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reveals that IL-10 mRNA expression correlates with recovery

MK Kennedy, DS Torrance, KS Picha and KM Mohler
Department of Immunology, Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as an important animal model for understanding the events that lead to immune-mediated inflammation and tissue destruction within the central nervous system. We have utilized a murine adoptive transfer model of EAE and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis to examine cytokine mRNA expression within the central nervous system in relation to the onset and resolution of paralysis associated with EAE. Spinal cord samples, obtained from mice as they progressed through discrete clinical stages of EAE, were examined for the expression of six cytokine genes (IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma). Distinct patterns of cytokine gene expression were observed during the acute, recovery, and chronic phases of EAE. The acute phase of disease was characterized by rapid increases in the levels of mRNA for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-gamma, and IL-1 alpha. In fact, peak expression of several cytokine mRNA (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma) occurred before the peak in clinical severity. In contrast, IL-1 alpha mRNA levels were elevated throughout the initial disease course. IL-10 mRNA demonstrated only modest increases during the acute phase of EAE. Stabilization of the clinical symptoms was characterized by rapid declines in the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-gamma. The decreases in these four cytokine mRNA levels occurred concomitant with a dramatic rise in IL-10 mRNA. Finally, of the six cytokine mRNA examined, only IL-1 alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 mRNA remained elevated during the early chronic stage. These results suggest that local cytokine production varies significantly during the course of EAE and that increases in discrete sets of cytokines are associated with the acute response and the recovery/chronic phase of disease.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. R. Gocke, R. Z. Hussain, Y. Yang, H. Peng, J. Weiner, L.-H. Ben, P. D. Drew, O. Stuve, A. E. Lovett-Racke, and M. K. Racke Transcriptional Modulation of the Immune Response by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} Agonists in Autoimmune Disease J. Immunol., April 1, 2009; 182(7): 4479 - 4487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. De Sarno, R. C. Axtell, C. Raman, K. A. Roth, D. R. Alessi, and R. S. Jope Lithium Prevents and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., July 1, 2008; 181(1): 338 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Fang, G. C. Sharp, and H. Braley-Mullen Interleukin-10 Promotes Resolution of Granulomatous Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2008; 172(6): 1591 - 1602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. K. Selvaraj and T. L. Geiger Mitigation of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by TGF-{beta} Induced Foxp3+ Regulatory T Lymphocytes through the Induction of Anergy and Infectious Tolerance J. Immunol., March 1, 2008; 180(5): 2830 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Mann, K. Maresz, L. P. Shriver, Y. Tan, and B. N. Dittel B Cell Regulation of CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells and IL-10 Via B7 is Essential for Recovery From Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., March 15, 2007; 178(6): 3447 - 3456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Thakker, M. W. Leach, W. Kuang, S. E. Benoit, J. P. Leonard, and S. Marusic IL-23 Is Critical in the Induction but Not in the Effector Phase of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2589 - 2598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Spach, F. E. Nashold, B. N. Dittel, and C. E. Hayes IL-10 Signaling Is Essential for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Mediated Inhibition of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 6030 - 6037. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Zhang, J. Reddy, H. Ochi, D. Frenkel, V. K. Kuchroo, and H. L. Weiner Recovery from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is TGF-{beta} dependent and associated with increases in CD4+LAP+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells Int. Immunol., April 1, 2006; 18(4): 495 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Matsushita, M. Fujimoto, M. Hasegawa, K. Komura, K. Takehara, T. F. Tedder, and S. Sato Inhibitory Role of CD19 in the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Regulating Cytokine Response Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2006; 168(3): 812 - 821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Racke, A. R. Gocke, M. Muir, A. Diab, P. D. Drew, and A. E. Lovett-Racke Nuclear Receptors and Autoimmune Disease: The Potential of PPAR Agonists to Treat Multiple Sclerosis J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 700 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Stark and A. H. Cross Differential expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and -3 and related cytokines in central nervous system during remitting versus non-remitting forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Int. Immunol., February 1, 2006; 18(2): 347 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Cheng, Y.-H. Liao, J. Zhang, B. Li, H. Ge, J. Yuan, M. Wang, B. Lu, Y. Liu, and Y. Cheng Effects of Atorvastatin on Th polarization in patients with acute myocardial infarction Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2005; 7(7): 1099 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Mujtaba, L. O. Flowers, C. B. Patel, R. A. Patel, M. I. Haider, and H. M. Johnson Treatment of Mice with the Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 Mimetic Peptide, Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Peptide, Prevents Development of the Acute Form of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis and Induces Stable Remission in the Chronic Relapsing/Remitting Form J. Immunol., October 15, 2005; 175(8): 5077 - 5086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Marusic, M. W. Leach, J. W. Pelker, M. L. Azoitei, N. Uozumi, J. Cui, M. W.H. Shen, C. M. DeClercq, J. S. Miyashiro, B. A. Carito, et al. Cytosolic phospholipase A2{alpha}-deficient mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J. Exp. Med., September 19, 2005; 202(6): 841 - 851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Boyton, S. Davies, C. Marden, C. Fantino, C. Reynolds, K. Portugal, H. Dewchand, and D. M. Altmann Stat4-null non-obese diabetic mice: protection from diabetes and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, but with concomitant epitope spread Int. Immunol., September 1, 2005; 17(9): 1157 - 1165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Nath, S. Giri, R. Prasad, M. L. Salem, A. K. Singh, and I. Singh 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribonucleoside: A Novel Immunomodulator with Therapeutic Efficacy in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., July 1, 2005; 175(1): 566 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Zehntner, C. Brickman, L. Bourbonniere, L. Remington, M. Caruso, and T. Owens Neutrophils That Infiltrate the Central Nervous System Regulate T Cell Responses J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 5124 - 5131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Mekala, R. S. Alli, and T. L. Geiger IL-10-Dependent Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Th2-Differentiated, Anti-TCR Redirected T Lymphocytes J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3789 - 3797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Arnon and R. Aharoni Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications PNAS, October 5, 2004; 101(suppl_2): 14593 - 14598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Steinke, E. Barekzi, J. Hagman, and L. Borish Functional Analysis of -571 IL-10 Promoter Polymorphism Reveals a Repressor Element Controlled by Sp1 J. Immunol., September 1, 2004; 173(5): 3215 - 3222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Lovett-Racke, R. Z. Hussain, S. Northrop, J. Choy, A. Rocchini, L. Matthes, J. A. Chavis, A. Diab, P. D. Drew, and M. K. Racke Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Agonists as Therapy for Autoimmune Disease J. Immunol., May 1, 2004; 172(9): 5790 - 5798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mana, M. Goodyear, C. Bernard, R. Tomioka, M. Freire-Garabal, and D. Linares Tolerance induction by molecular mimicry: prevention and suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the milk protein butyrophilin Int. Immunol., March 1, 2004; 16(3): 489 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Oleszak, J. R. Chang, H. Friedman, C. D. Katsetos, and C. D. Platsoucas Theiler's Virus Infection: a Model for Multiple Sclerosis Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2004; 17(1): 174 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Aharoni, B. Kayhan, R. Eilam, M. Sela, and R. Arnon Glatiramer acetate-specific T cells in the brain express T helper 2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in situ PNAS, November 25, 2003; 100(24): 14157 - 14162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Weir, C. C. A. Bernard, and B. T. Backstrom IL-5-deficient mice are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Int. Immunol., November 1, 2003; 15(11): 1283 - 1289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Palma, R. L. Yauch, H.-K. Kang, H.-G. Lee, and B. S. Kim Preferential Induction of IL-10 in APC Correlates with a Switch from Th1 to Th2 Response Following Infection with a Low Pathogenic Variant of Theiler's Virus J. Immunol., April 15, 2002; 168(8): 4221 - 4230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Maier, C. Kincaid, A. Pagenstecher, and I. L. Campbell Regulation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription and Suppressor of Cytokine-Signaling Gene Expression in the Brain of Mice with Astrocyte-Targeted Production of Interleukin-12 or Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2002; 160(1): 271 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Chabas, S. E. Baranzini, D. Mitchell, C. C. A. Bernard, S. R. Rittling, D. T. Denhardt, R. A. Sobel, C. Lock, M. Karpuj, R. Pedotti, et al. The Influence of the Proinflammatory Cytokine, Osteopontin, on Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease Science, November 23, 2001; 294(5547): 1731 - 1735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. M. Johansson, A.-S. Hansson, K. S. Nandakumar, J. Backlund, and R. Holmdahl IL-10-Deficient B10.Q Mice Develop More Severe Collagen-Induced Arthritis, but Are Protected from Arthritis Induced with Anti-Type II Collagen Antibodies J. Immunol., September 15, 2001; 167(6): 3505 - 3512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. T. Tran, N. Carter, X. Y. He, T. S. Spicer, K. M. Plain, M. Nicolls, B. M. Hall, and S. J. Hodgkinson Reversal of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with non-mitogenic, non-depleting anti-CD3 mAb therapy with a preferential effect on Th1 cells that is augmented by IL-4 Int. Immunol., September 1, 2001; 13(9): 1109 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. R. Voskuhl and K. Palaszynski Sex Hormones in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis Neuroscientist, June 1, 2001; 7(3): 258 - 270. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. J. Slavin, R. Maron, and H. L. Weiner Mucosal administration of IL-10 enhances oral tolerance in autoimmune encephalomyelitis and diabetes Int. Immunol., June 1, 2001; 13(6): 825 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Ahmed, D. Gveric, G. Pryce, D. Baker, J. P. Leonard, and M. L. Cuzner Myelin/Axonal Pathology in Interleukin-12 Induced Serial Relapses of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Lewis Rat Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2001; 158(6): 2127 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Crawley, S. Kon, and P. Woo Hereditary predisposition to low interleukin-10 production in children with extended oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Rheumatology, May 1, 2001; 40(5): 574 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Skapenko, P. E. Lipsky, H.-G. Kraetsch, J. R. Kalden, and H. Schulze-Koops Antigen-Independent Th2 Cell Differentiation by Stimulation of CD28: Regulation Via IL-4 Gene Expression and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation J. Immunol., April 1, 2001; 166(7): 4283 - 4292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Eugenín, D. Eckardt, M. Theis, K. Willecke, M. V. L. Bennett, and J. C. Sáez Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha PNAS, March 16, 2001; (2001) 51634298. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. L. Croxford, M. Feldmann, Y. Chernajovsky, and D. Baker Different Therapeutic Outcomes in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Dependant Upon the Mode of Delivery of IL-10: A Comparison of the Effects of Protein, Adenoviral or Retroviral IL-10 Delivery into the Central Nervous System J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 4124 - 4130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Liu and T. J. Chambers Yellow Fever Virus Encephalitis: Properties of the Brain-Associated T-Cell Response during Virus Clearance in Normal and Gamma Interferon-Deficient Mice and Requirement for CD4+ Lymphocytes J. Virol., March 1, 2001; 75(5): 2107 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. J. Cua, B. Hutchins, D. M. LaFace, S. A. Stohlman, and R. L. Coffman Central Nervous System Expression of IL-10 Inhibits Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., January 1, 2001; 166(1): 602 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Serafini, S. Columba-Cabezas, F. Di Rosa, and F. Aloisi Intracerebral Recruitment and Maturation of Dendritic Cells in the Onset and Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2000; 157(6): 1991 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Aharoni, D. Teitelbaum, O. Leitner, A. Meshorer, M. Sela, and R. Arnon Specific Th2 cells accumulate in the central nervous system of mice protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by copolymer 1 PNAS, October 10, 2000; 97(21): 11472 - 11477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. da Costa, C. L. Yasuda, S. M Scagliusi, B. M. Diaz-Bardales, E. Maciel, B. P Damasceno, M H. S. Blotta, C. P Tilbery, and L. M. Santos pattern of cytokine secretion by peripheral blood cells of patients with multiple sclerosis in Brazil Multiple Sclerosis, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 293 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F. Di Rosa, B. Serafini, P. Scognamiglio, A. Di Virgilio, L. Finocchi, F. Aloisi, and V. Barnaba Short-lived immunization site inflammation in self-limited active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Int. Immunol., May 1, 2000; 12(5): 711 - 719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C Rohowsky-Kochan, D Molinaro, and S D Cook Cytokine secretion profile of myelin basic protein-specific T cells in multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, April 1, 2000; 6(2): 69 - 77. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. A. Young, L. D. Lowe, S. S. Booth, M. J. Whitters, L. Nicholson, V. K. Kuchroo, and M. Collins IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-{beta} from an Altered Peptide Ligand-Specific Th2 Cell Clone Down-Regulate Adoptive Transfer of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., April 1, 2000; 164(7): 3563 - 3572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. H. Tran, E. N. Prince, and T. Owens IFN-{gamma} Shapes Immune Invasion of the Central Nervous System Via Regulation of Chemokines J. Immunol., March 1, 2000; 164(5): 2759 - 2768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Girvin, M. C. Dal Canto, L. Rhee, B. Salomon, A. Sharpe, J. A. Bluestone, and S. D. Miller A Critical Role for B7/CD28 Costimulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Comparative Study Using Costimulatory Molecule-Deficient Mice and Monoclonal Antibody Blockade J. Immunol., January 1, 2000; 164(1): 136 - 143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Stohlman, L. Pei, D. J. Cua, Z. Li, and D. R. Hinton Activation of Regulatory Cells Suppresses Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Via Secretion of IL-10 J. Immunol., December 1, 1999; 163(11): 6338 - 6344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Dekel, W. O. Bocher, H. Marcus, A. Yussim, and Y. Reisner Acute cellular rejection of human renal tissue by adoptive transfer of allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into chimeric rats: sequential gene expression of cytokines, chemokines and cytolytic effector molecules, and their regulation by CTLA-4-Ig Int. Immunol., October 1, 1999; 11(10): 1673 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. DerSimonian, L. Pan, C. Yatko, A. Rodrigue-Way, E. Johnson, and A. S. B. Edge Human Anti-Porcine T Cell Response: Blocking with Anti-Class I Antibody Leads to Hyporesponsiveness and a Switch in Cytokine Production J. Immunol., June 15, 1999; 162(12): 6993 - 7001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Allendorfer, G. D. Brunner, and G. S. Deepe Jr. Complex Requirements for Nascent and Memory Immunity in Pulmonary Histoplasmosis J. Immunol., June 15, 1999; 162(12): 7389 - 7396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chabot, G. Williams, M. Hamilton, G. Sutherland, and V. W. Yong Mechanisms of IL-10 Production in Human Microglia-T Cell Interaction J. Immunol., June 1, 1999; 162(11): 6819 - 6828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Diab, H. Abdalla, H. L. Li, F. D. Shi, J. Zhu, B. Hojberg, L. Lindquist, B. Wretlind, M. Bakhiet, and H. Link Neutralization of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2) and MIP-1alpha Attenuates Neutrophil Recruitment in the Central Nervous System during Experimental Bacterial Meningitis Infect. Immun., May 1, 1999; 67(5): 2590 - 2601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Kim, S. M. Liva, M. A. Dalal, M. A. Verity, and R. R. Voskuhl Estriol ameliorates autoimmune demyelinating disease: Implications for multiple sclerosis Neurology, April 1, 1999; 52(6): 1230 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. C. Asensio, S. Lassmann, A. Pagenstecher, S. C. Steffensen, S. J. Henriksen, and I. L. Campbell C10 Is a Novel Chemokine Expressed in Experimental Inflammatory Demyelinating Disorders that Promotes Recruitment of Macrophages to the Central Nervous System Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 1999; 154(4): 1181 - 1191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Aloisi, G. Penna, E. Polazzi, L. Minghetti, and L. Adorini CD40-CD154 Interaction and IFN-{gamma} Are Required for IL-12 But Not Prostaglandin E2 Secretion by Microglia During Antigen Presentation to Th1 Cells J. Immunol., February 1, 1999; 162(3): 1384 - 1391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Rowell and D. E. Griffin The Inflammatory Response to Nonfatal Sindbis Virus Infection of the Nervous System Is More Severe in SJL Than in BALB/c Mice and Is Associated with Low Levels of IL-4 mRNA and High Levels of IL-10-Producing CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., February 1, 1999; 162(3): 1624 - 1632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Kumar and E. Sercarz Induction or Protection from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Depends on the Cytokine Secretion Profile of TCR Peptide-Specific Regulatory CD4 T Cells J. Immunol., December 15, 1998; 161(12): 6585 - 6591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Yin, M. Djavani, A. R. Schenkel, D. S. Schmidt, C. D. Pauza, and M. S. Salvato Dissemination of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus from the Gastric Mucosa Requires G Protein-Coupled Signaling J. Virol., November 1, 1998; 72(11): 8613 - 8619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Constantinescu, M. Wysocka, B. Hilliard, E. S. Ventura, E. Lavi, G. Trinchieri, and A. Rostami Antibodies Against IL-12 Prevent Superantigen-Induced and Spontaneous Relapses of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., November 1, 1998; 161(9): 5097 - 5104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. Begolka, C. L. Vanderlugt, S. M. Rahbe, and S. D. Miller Differential Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines Parallels Progression of Central Nervous System Pathology in Two Clinically Distinct Models of Multiple Sclerosis J. Immunol., October 15, 1998; 161(8): 4437 - 4446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bettelli, M. Prabhu Das, E. D. Howard, H. L. Weiner, R. A. Sobel, and V. K. Kuchroo IL-10 Is Critical in the Regulation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis as Demonstrated by Studies of IL-10- and IL-4-Deficient and Transgenic Mice J. Immunol., October 1, 1998; 161(7): 3299 - 3306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Correale, M. Arias, and W. Gilmore Steroid Hormone Regulation of Cytokine Secretion by Proteolipid Protein-Specific CD4+ T Cell Clones Isolated from Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Normal Control Subjects J. Immunol., October 1, 1998; 161(7): 3365 - 3374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yoshida, O. Yoshida, H. Iwamoto, K. Nishino, M. Hashida, A. Fukushima, and H. Ueno Analysis of effects of stimulation in vitro of ovalbumin primed lymph node cells on adoptive transfer of experimental immune mediated blepharoconjunctivitis in Lewis rats Br. J. Ophthalmol., October 1, 1998; 82(10): 1189 - 1194. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. K. Stalder, M. J. Carson, A. Pagenstecher, V. C. Asensio, C. Kincaid, M. Benedict, H. C. Powell, E. Masliah, and I. L. Campbell Late-Onset Chronic Inflammatory Encephalopathy in Immune-Competent and Severe Combined Immune-Deficient (SCID) Mice with Astrocyte-Targeted Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 1998; 153(3): 767 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Cannella, C. J. Hoban, Y.-L. Gao, R. Garcia-Arenas, D. Lawson, M. Marchionni, D. Gwynne, and C. S. Raine The neuregulin, glial growth factor 2, diminishes autoimmune demyelination and enhances remyelination in a chronic relapsing model for multiple sclerosis PNAS, August 18, 1998; 95(17): 10100 - 10105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Issazadeh, V. Navikas, M. Schaub, M. Sayegh, and S. Khoury Kinetics of Expression of Costimulatory Molecules and Their Ligands in Murine Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo J. Immunol., August 1, 1998; 161(3): 1104 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Yauch, J. P. Palma, H. Yahikozawa, C.-S. Koh, and B. S. Kim Role of Individual T-Cell Epitopes of Theiler's Virus in the Pathogenesis of Demyelination Correlates with the Ability To Induce a Th1 Response J. Virol., July 1, 1998; 72(7): 6169 - 6174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Karandikar, C. L. Vanderlugt, T. Eagar, L. Tan, J. A. Bluestone, and S. D. Miller Tissue-Specific Up-Regulation of B7-1 Expression and Function During the Course of Murine Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., July 1, 1998; 161(1): 192 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Rajan, J. D. S. Klein, and C. F. Brosnan The Effect of {gamma}{delta} T Cell Depletion on Cytokine Gene Expression in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., June 15, 1998; 160(12): 5955 - 5962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. W. van Oosten, F. Barkhof, P. E. T. Scholten, B. M. E. von Blomberg, H. J. Ader, and C. H. Polman Increased Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha}, and Not of Interferon {gamma}, Preceding Disease Activity in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Arch Neurol, June 1, 1998; 55(6): 793 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Falcone, A. J. Rajan, B. R. Bloom, and C. F. Brosnan A Critical Role for IL-4 in Regulating Disease Severity in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis as Demonstrated in IL-4-Deficient C57BL/6 Mice and BALB/c Mice J. Immunol., May 15, 1998; 160(10): 4822 - 4830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Croxford, K. Triantaphyllopoulos, O. L. Podhajcer, M. Feldmann, D. Baker, and Y. Chernajovsky Cytokine Gene Therapy in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by Injection of Plasmid DNA-Cationic Liposome Complex into the Central Nervous System J. Immunol., May 15, 1998; 160(10): 5181 - 5187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Arnush, A. L. Scarim, M. R. Heitmeier, C. B. Kelly, and J. A. Corbett Potential Role of Resident Islet Macrophage Activation in the Initiation of Autoimmune Diabetes J. Immunol., March 15, 1998; 160(6): 2684 - 2691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Stohlman, C. C. Bergmann, M. T. Lin, D. J. Cua, and D. R. Hinton CTL Effector Function Within the Central Nervous System Requires CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., March 15, 1998; 160(6): 2896 - 2904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. M. Segal, B. K. Dwyer, and E. M. Shevach An Interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 Immunoregulatory Circuit Controls Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disease J. Exp. Med., February 16, 1998; 187(4): 537 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Raisanen-Sokolowski, T. Glysing-Jensen, P. L. Mottram, and M. E Russell Sustained Anti-CD4/CD8 Treatment Blocks Inflammatory Activation and Intimal Thickening in Mouse Heart Allografts Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1997; 17(10): 2115 - 2122. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Aharoni, D. Teitelbaum, M. Sela, and R. Arnon Copolymer 1 induces T cells of the T helper type 2 that crossreact with myelin basic protein and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis PNAS, September 30, 1997; 94(20): 10821 - 10826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Marusic and S. Tonegawa Tolerance Induction and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Amelioration After Administration of Myelin Basic Protein-derived Peptide J. Exp. Med., August 18, 1997; 186(4): 507 - 515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Mathisen, M. Yu, J. M. Johnson, J. A. Drazba, and V. K. Tuohy Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis with Genetically Modified Memory T Cells J. Exp. Med., July 7, 1997; 186(1): 159 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rostworowski, V. Balasingam, S. Chabot, T. Owens, and V. W. Yong Astrogliosis in the Neonatal and Adult Murine Brain Post-Trauma: Elevation of Inflammatory Cytokines and the Lack of Requirement for Endogenous Interferon-gamma J. Neurosci., May 15, 1997; 17(10): 3664 - 3674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y Chen, V. Kuchroo, J Inobe, D. Hafler, and H. Weiner Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis Science, August 26, 1994; 265(5176): 1237 - 1240. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. A. Eugenin, D. Eckardt, M. Theis, K. Willecke, M. V. L. Bennett, and J. C. Saez Microglia at brain stab wounds express connexin 43 and in vitro form functional gap junctions after treatment with interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha PNAS, March 27, 2001; 98(7): 4190 - 4195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]