The Journal of Immunology, Vol 129, Issue 6 2413-2419, Copyright © 1982 by American Association of Immunologists

ARTICLES

Production of prostaglandin E and an interleukin-1 like factor by cultured astrocytes and C6 glioma cells

A Fontana, F Kristensen, R Dubs, D Gemsa and E Weber

When treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cultured murine astrocytes released significant amounts of prostaglandin E, which caused an inhibition of the in vitro proliferative response of C3H/HeJ thymocytes to mitogen. In addition, an interleukin 1 (IL 1)-like factor secreted by LPS-treated glia cell cultures and by C6 glioma cells was detected. The characterization of the factor as an IL 1-like mediator is based on the findings that the factor 1) enhances the mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation, 2) exhibits no interleukin 2 (IL 2) activity, but 3) augments IL 2 production by mitogen-stimulated thymocytes, and 4) has a m.w. between 13,500 and 18,000 when generated in serum-free conditions. These observations suggest that astrocytes may interact with the immune system by elaborating nonspecific factors that modulate lymphocyte proliferation. This property of astrocytes may be important in the generation of specific immune responses in the brain, which is considered to be an immunologically privileged organ as it is anatomically sequestered from the immune system.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Ray, M. E. Bisher, and L. W. Enquist Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Are Required for Production of Infectious Pseudorabies Virus J. Virol., December 1, 2004; 78(23): 12964 - 12974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Uhl, S. Aulwurm, J. Wischhusen, M. Weiler, J. Y. Ma, R. Almirez, R. Mangadu, Y.-W. Liu, M. Platten, U. Herrlinger, et al. SD-208, a Novel Transforming Growth Factor {beta} Receptor I Kinase Inhibitor, Inhibits Growth and Invasiveness and Enhances Immunogenicity of Murine and Human Glioma Cells In vitro and In vivo Cancer Res., November 1, 2004; 64(21): 7954 - 7961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Nakatani, T. Yamakuni, N. Kondo, T. Arakawa, K. Oosawa, S. Shimura, H. Inoue, and Y. Ohizumi {gamma}-Mangostin Inhibits Inhibitor-{kappa}B Kinase Activity and Decreases Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression in C6 Rat Glioma Cells Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2004; 66(3): 667 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Mohebbi, K. R. Holden, and M. Mohammadi Peripheral Leukocytosis in Children With Febrile Seizures J Child Neurol, January 1, 2004; 19(1): 47 - 50. [Abstract] [PDF]

				D. Shemi, A. Azab, and J. Kaplanski The effect of high and low ambient temperatures on PGE2 and TNF-{alpha} production by rat glial brain cultures Innate Immunity, June 1, 2003; 9(3): 165 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. L. Parish, D. I. Finkelstein, W. Tripanichkul, A. R. Satoskar, J. Drago, and M. K. Horne The Role of Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, and Glia in Inducing Growth of Neuronal Terminal Arbors in Mice J. Neurosci., September 15, 2002; 22(18): 8034 - 8041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. T. Griffin and R. E. Mrak Interleukin-1 in the genesis and progression of and risk for development of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2002; 72(2): 233 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Shemi, A.N. Azab, and J. Kaplanski Time-dependent effect of LPS on PGE2 and TNF-{alpha} production by rat glial brain culture: influence of COX and cytokine inhibitors Innate Immunity, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 377 - 381. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. Kielian and W. F. Hickey Proinflammatory Cytokine, Chemokine, and Cellular Adhesion Molecule Expression during the Acute Phase of Experimental Brain Abscess Development Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2000; 157(2): 647 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Giezeman-Smits, H. Okada, C. S. Brissette-Storkus, L. A. Villa, J. Attanucci, M. T. Lotze, I. F. Pollack, M. E. Bozik, and W. H. Chambers Cytokine Gene Therapy of Gliomas: Induction of Reactive CD4+ T Cells by Interleukin-4-transfected 9L Gliosarcoma Is Essential for Protective Immunity Cancer Res., May 1, 2000; 60(9): 2449 - 2457. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. P. Palma, R. L. Yauch, S. Lang, and B. S. Kim Potential Role of CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Apoptosis of Activated Astrocytes in Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelination J. Immunol., June 1, 1999; 162(11): 6543 - 6551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ho and M. Blum Induction of Interleukin-1 Associated with Compensatory Dopaminergic Sprouting in the Denervated Striatum of Young Mice: Model of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease J. Neurosci., August 1, 1998; 18(15): 5614 - 5629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Pantoni, C. Sarti, and D. Inzitari Cytokines and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Cerebral Ischemia : Experimental Bases and Therapeutic Perspectives Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 1998; 18(4): 503 - 513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Wang, N. D. Tran, M. Kittaka, M. J. Fisher, S. S. Schreiber, and B. V. Zlokovic Thrombomodulin Expression in Bovine Brain Capillaries : Anticoagulant Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Regional Differences, and Regulatory Mechanisms Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 1997; 17(11): 3139 - 3146. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. D. Tran, V. L.Y. Wong, S. S. Schreiber, J. V. Bready, M. Fisher, and K. Peters Regulation of Brain Capillary Endothelial Thrombomodulin mRNA Expression Stroke, December 1, 1996; 27(12): 2304 - 2311. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. B. Saper and C. D. Breder The Neurologic Basis of Fever N. Engl. J. Med., June 30, 1994; 330(26): 1880 - 1886. [Full Text]

				C. Breder, C. Dinarello, and C. Saper Interleukin-1 immunoreactive innervation of the human hypothalamus Science, April 15, 1988; 240(4850): 321 - 324. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Lumpkin The regulation of ACTH secretion by IL-1 Science, October 23, 1987; 238(4826): 452 - 454. [PDF]

				D Giulian and L. Lachman Interleukin-1 stimulation of astroglial proliferation after brain injury Science, April 26, 1985; 228(4698): 497 - 499. [Abstract] [PDF]